Monarch Watch

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The popular and scientific literature contains more than 3000 references to Monarch butterflies (L. P. Brower, pers com). This bibliography includes almost 1000 of the most important scientific papers published on this subject. The bibliography is organized by topics, but the topics are not mutually exclusive and many references appear in more than one place. Key words referring to major themes covered in the papers are given at the end of many of the references, these are intended to help you better identify the subjects discussed in the article.

MONARCH TOPICS

GENERAL MONARCH TOPICS

Ackery, P. R., Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies: Their cladistics and biology. Ithaca, N. Y.: British Museum (Natural History)/Cornell University Press. 425 pp.

Beall, G. 1941. The Monarch butterfly, Danaus archippus Fab. I. General observations in southern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist (Ottowa) 55:123-129

Brewer, J. 1967. Wings in the meadow . 1970 edition ed. London:. xvii + 187 pp.

Brown, K. S., Jr. 1981. The biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annual Review of Entomology 26:427-456

Burns, J. M. 1983. Queen of the Carolinas (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae:Danainae:Danacus gilippus). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 85:388-396

Burton, J. F. 1969. The year of the monarchs. Animals 12:122-126

Common, L. F. B., Waterhouse, D. F. 1982. Butterflies of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson Publishers, 434 pp.

Dell, B. 1974. Observations on the wanderer butterfly in western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:172-177

Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. 1961. How to know the butterflies. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Company. 262 pp.

Eisner, T. 1982. For love of nature: Exploration and discovery at biological field stations. Bioscience (Washington) 32:321-326

Fink, A. 1982. Monterey County: The dramatic story of its past Santa Cruz, CA: Western Tanager Press. 254 pp.

Gilbert, L. E., Singer, M. C. 1975. Butterfly ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6:365-397

Holloway, J. D. 1973. Monarch butterflies in Australia. Animals 15:302-303

Holloway, J. D., Peters, J. V. 1976. The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. Journal of Natural History 10:273-318

Holt White, A. E. 1894. The butterflies and moths of Teneriffe xii + 108 pp. 4 pls. London.

Howe, W. H. 1975. The butterflies of North America north of Mexico New York: Doubleday and Co. xiii + 633 pp.

Judd, W. W. 1963. Butterflies of Dunn Township, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) 17:1-14

Judd, W. W. 1970. Additional observations on butterflies of Dunn Township, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) 24:13-16

Klots, A. B. 1951. A field guide to the butterflies of North America, east of the Great Plains. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 349 pp.

Koch, L. E. 1971. The Wanderer butterfly in western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:25-27

Krivda, W. V. 1967. The Monarch butterfly (Danaidae) in northern Saskatchewan. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 21:31-32

Malcolm, S. B., Zalucki, M. P., eds. 1993. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly . Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

McCubbin, C. 1971. Australian butterflies [xxxii] + 206 pp. Melbourne.

Mitchell, R. T., Zim, H. S. 1962. Butterflies and moths. New York: Golden Press :160

Nagano, C. D. S., W. H. 1989. The monarch butterly. Audubon Wildlife Report 1989/1990: 367-385

Nicholson, C. 1935. Danaus plexippus L. in the British Isles. Entomologist (London) 68:245-251, 269-273

Nicholson, C. 1939. Danaus plexippus in Holland. Entomologist (London) 72:109

Ordish, G. 1975. The year of the butterfly New York:. xii + 147 pp.

Owen, D. F. 1971. Tropical butterflies Oxford:. xiv + 214 pp.

Pyle, R. M. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American butterflies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf :916

Rothschild, M. 1985. British aposematic Lepidoptera. In The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland . pp. 9-62. Vol. 2. Essex, Colcester: Harley Books

Scott, J. A. 1986. Butterflies of North America Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 583 pp.

Urquhart, F. A. 1960. The Monarch Butterfly Toronto & Lond.:. xxiv + 361 pp.

Watson, A., Whalley, P. E. S. 1975. The dictionary of butterflies and moths in colour, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, and Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Company, xiv + 296 pp.

Wells, H., Wells, P. H. 1992. The monarch butterfly: a review. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 91:1-25 [Keywords: life history, population dynamics, oviposition, distribution, energetics, mating, predation]

Wenner, A. M. 1989. Concept centered versus organism centered biology. American Zoologist 29:1177-1197 [Keywords: scientific method, sociology of science, controversy, paradigm]

Zalucki, M. P. 1986. The monarch butterfly--A nonpest exotic animal. In The ecology of exotic animals and plants: Some Australian case-histories. . pp. 128-143

MONARCH HISTORY

Brower, L. P. 1995. Understanding and misunderstanding the migration of the monarch butterfly (Nymphalidae) in North America: 1857-1995. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 49:304-385 [Keywords: migration, overwintering, history of monarch research, open questions, Mexico]

Shepardson, L. 1914. The butterfly trees San Francisco:. 32 pp.

Urquhart, F. A. 1976. Found at last: the Monarch's winter home. National Geographic Magazine (Washington) 150:160-173

Urquhart, F. A. 1978. Monarch migration studies. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 1978:3-4 [Keywords: anecdotal history]

MONARCH ECOLOGY

Classification

Ackery, P. R. 1987. The danaid genus Tellervo (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) - A cladistic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 89:203-274

Ackery, P. R. 1988. Hostplants and classification: A review of nymphalid butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 33:95-203

Ackery, P. R., Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies: Their cladistics and biology. Ithaca, N. Y.: British Museum (Natural History)/Cornell University Press. 425 pp.

Clarke, C. A. R., M. 1980. A new mutant of Danaus plexippus ssp. erippus (Cramer). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 34:224-229

Ehrlich, P. R. 1958. The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classificatin of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Lawrence, Kans. 39:305-370

Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. 1967. The phenetic relationships of the butterflies. I. Adult taxonomy and the nonspecificity hypothesis. Systematic Zoology (Washington) 16:301-317

Kitching, I. J. 1984. The use of larval chaetotaxy in butterfly systematics, with special reference to the Danaini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Syst. Ent., Lond. 9:49-61

Kitching, I. J. 1985. Early stages and the classification of the milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 85:1-97

Owen, D. F., Owen, J. 1972. Systematics and bionomics of butterflies seen and collected in the forest region of Sierra Leone. Part 1. Introduction, Papilionidae, Danaidae and Acraeidae. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 85:287-308

Distribution

Archer-Lock, A. 1981. The Monarch:Danaus plexippus Linn. in England, 1981 [with additional notes by F. H. N. Smith, J. Hedges, S. H. Church & G. T. Foggitt]. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 93:199-202

Borkin, S. S. 1982. Notes on shifting distribution patterns and survival of immature Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) on the food plant Asclepias syriaca. Great Lakes Entomologist (East Lansing) 15:199-206 [Keywords: ecology, distribution, mortality, larval dispersal]

Bretherton, R. F., Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. 1982. The monarch or milkweed butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) in 1981. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 94:81-87 & 141-146

Burton, J. F., French, R. A. 1969. Monarch butterflies coinciding with American passerines in Britain and Ireland in 1968. British Birds (London) 62:493-496

Calvert, W. H., Brower, L. P. 1986. The location of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) overwintering colonies in Mexico in relation to topography and climate. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 40:164-187 [Keywords: conservation biology, overwintering, temperature, Mexico, ecology, microclimate]

Collenette, C. L. 1925. The present status of Danaida plexippus in the Pacific islands. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 61:198-202

Common, L. F. B., Waterhouse, D. F. 1982. Butterflies of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson Publishers, 434 pp.

Davenport, K. 1983. Geopgraphic distribution and checklist of the butterflies of Kern County, California. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 37:46-69

Dell, B. 1974. Observations on the wanderer butterfly in western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:172-177

Dey, D. 1995. A sighting of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in West Sussex. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 107:99 [Keywords: anecdotal, UK, Europe]

Distant, W. L. 1877. The geographical distribution of Danais archippus. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1877:93-104

Douglas, M. M., Grula, J. 1978. Thermoregulatory adaptations allowing ecological range expansion by the pierid butterfly, Nathalis iole. Evolution 32:776-783

Dudley, R., Adler, G. H. 1996. Biogeography of milkweed butterflies (Nymphalidae, Danainae) and mimetic patterns on tropical Pacific archipelagos. Journal of the Linnean Society 57:317-326

Edwards, P. J. 1984. Monarchs resident in Spain (Danaus plexippus (L.). Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society (Minster-in-Sheppey) 17:84

Edwards, P. J. 1988. Monarchs resident in Spain. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History (Minster-in-Sheppey) 1:59-60

Fales, J. H. 1984. Spring occurrence of the monarch butterfly in Maryland. Maryland Entomologist 2:76-79

Ferguson, D. C., Hilburn, D. J., Wright, B. 1991. The lepidoptera of Bermuda: their food plants, biogeography, and means of dispersal. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 158:3-8, 67-84 [Keywords: feeding, distribution, biogeography, dispersal]

Frohawk, F. W. 1916. Anoisa plexippus in Ireland. Entomologist (London) 49:285-286

Gibbs, G. W. 1980. New Zealand butterflies: identification and natural history 207 pp., 194 colour figs. Auckland.

Hessel, S. A. 1969. Monarch observations in Mid-Town and Lower Manhattan, New York City. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 23:254

Hillaby, J. 1968. Year of the Monarch. New Scientist (London) 40:425

Holloway, J. D. 1973. Monarch butterflies in Australia. Animals 15:302-303

Holloway, J. D. 1982. Further notes on the lepidoptera of Norfolk Island, with particular reference to migrant species. Journal of Natural History 16:351-365

Holloway, J. D., Peters, J. V. 1976. The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. Journal of Natural History 10:273-318

Holt White, A. E. 1894. The butterflies and moths of Teneriffe xii + 108 pp. 4 pls. London.

Howe, W. H. 1975. The butterflies of North America north of Mexico New York: Doubleday and Co. xiii + 633 pp.

Johnson, C. G. 1969. Migration and dispersal of insects by flight London:. xxii + 763 pp.

Jones, R. E. 1977. Movement patterns and the egg distributions of cabbage butterflies. Journal of Animal Ecology 46:195-212

Judd, W. W. 1963. Butterflies of Dunn Township, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) 17:1-14

Klots, A. B. 1951. A field guide to the butterflies of North America, east of the Great Plains. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 349 pp.

Knill-Jones, S. A., Angell, B. J. 1996. Exotic and rare migrant butterflies recorded on the isle of Wight during 1995. Ent. Rec. & J. Var. 108:143-144

Koch, L. E. 1971. The Wanderer butterfly in western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:25-27

Koch, L. E. 1973. Wanderer butterfly sightings in Western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:115

Krivda, W. V. 1967. The Monarch butterfly (Danaidae) in northern Saskatchewan. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 21:31-32

Kurosawa, Y. 1972. What is the native place of the Monarch found in Japan? Nat. Sci. and Museum, Tokyo 39:62-68

Longstaff, G. B. 1912. Butterfly-hunting in many lands London:. xx + 729 pp.

Malcolm, S. B., Brower, L. P. 1987. White monarchs. Antenna 11:2-3

Marks, E. N. 1963. The first record of Danaus plexippus L. from Australia. Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 2:8

Miskin, W. H. 1871. Occurrence of Danais archippus in Queensland. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 8:17

Nicholson, C. 1935. Danaus plexippus L. in the British Isles. Entomologist (London) 68:245-251, 269-273

Nicholson, C. 1939. Danaus plexippus in Holland. Entomologist (London) 72:109

Observations of monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus in France during fall, 1995 (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France (1995). 11:440

Opler, P. A., Krizek, G. O. 1984. Butterflies east of the Great Plains: An illustrated natural history. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 273 pp.

Pyle, R. M. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American butterflies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 916

Sazuki, Y., Zalucki, M. P. 1986. The influence of sex ratio on female dispersal in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25:31-35 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, feeding, dispersal, sex ratio]

Scheermeyer, E. 1985. Some factors affecting the distribution of Euploea core corinna (W. S. Macleay) (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 33:339-348

Scudder, S. H., Gulick, L. H. 1875. The introduction of Danaida plexippus into the Pacific islands. Psyche (Cambridge) 1:81-84

Shapiro, A. M. 1970. The role of sexual behavior in density-related dispersal of pierid butterflies. American Naturalist 104:367-372

Shepardson, L. 1914. The butterfly trees San Francisco:. 32 pp.

Slade, B. E. 1995. The Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in Somerset. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 107:99 [Keywords: anecdotal, UK, Europe]

Smithers, C. N. 1977. Seasonal distribution and breeding status of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomology Society 16:175-184

Sokoloff, P. 1994. A sighting of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in Kent. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 106:248 [Keywords: sighting, anecdotal, England]

Suzuki, Y., Zalucki, M. P. 1986. The influence of sex ratio on female disperal in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25:31-35 [Keywords: mating behavior, reproduction, sex, dispersal, mark recapture]

Tapia Dominguez, P. 1982. Danaus chrysippus (L.)y D. plexippus (L.) en la provincia de Malaga. Shilap Revista de Lepidopterologia (Madrid) 10:274

Toft, S. 1980. First Danish record of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus Linne) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Entomologiske Meddelelser 47:115-116

Urquhart, F. A. 1970. Fluctuation in the numbers of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in North America. Atalanta (Munnerstadt) 3:104-114

Urquhart, F. A. 1976. Found at last: the Monarch's winter home. National Geographic Magazine (Washington) 150:160-173

Urquhart, F. A. 1978. Monarch migration studies. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 1978:3-4 [Keywords: anecdotal history]

Vane-Wright, R. I. 1978. Ecology and evolution [meeting report]. Antenna 2:47-48

Vane-Wright, R. I. 1987. Dick Vane-Wright replies...[Reply to Malcolm and Brower]. Antenna 11:3

Walker, J. J. 1886. Anoisa plexippus. L. (Danais archippus. F.): a study in geographical distribution. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 22:217-224

Walker, J. J. 1914. The geographical distribution of Danaida plexippus, L. (Danais archippus, F.) with special reference to its recent migrations. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 50:181-193, 233-237

Wiklund, C., Ahrberg, C. 1978. Host plants, nectar source plants, and habitat selection of males and females of Anthocharis cardamines (Lepidoptera). Oikos (Copenhagen) 31:169-183

Wise, K. A. J. 1980. Monarch butterfly dispersal in New Zealand. Records of the Auchland Institute and Museum 17:157-173

Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1962. Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour. Edinburgh & London. 653 pp.

Young, A. M. 1974. Some differences between temperate and tropical populations of monarch (D. plexippus) and queen (D. gilippus) butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Entomol. News, Philadelphia 85:116-126

Population Structure and Characteristics

Ackery, P. R. 1987. Diversity and phantom competition in African acraeine butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 30:291-297

Beall, G. 1941. The Monarch butterfly, Danaus archippus Fab. I. General observations in southern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist (Ottowa) 55:123-129

Beall, G. 1946. Seasonal variation in sex proportion and wing length in the migrant butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. (Lep. Danaidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 97:337-353

Beall, G., Williams, C. B. 1945. Geographical variation in the wing length of Danaus plexippus (Lep. Rhopalocera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 20:65-76

Blakley, N. R., Dingle, H. 1978. Competition: butterflies eliminate milkweed bugs from a Caribbean Island. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 37:133-136

Boggs, C. L. 1981. Selection pressures affecting male nutrient investment at mating in heliconiine butterflies. Evolution 35:931-940

Boppre, M. 1978. Chemical communication, plant relationships and mimicry in the evolution of Danaid butteflies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24:64-77

Brower, A. V. Z., Boyce, T. M. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA variation in monarch butterflies. Evolution 45:1281-1286 [Keywords: genetics, genetic differentiation, intraspecific phylogeny, population structure]

Brower, L. P. 1962. Further evidence for interspecific competition in natural populations of the monarch and queen butterflies, Danaus plexippus and D. gilippus berenice in south central Florida. Ecology 43:549-552

Brower, L. P., Fink, L. S., Van Zandt Brower, A., Leong, K., Oberhauser, K., et al. 1995. Roundtable: On the dangers of interpopulational transfers of monarch butterflies. Bioscience (Washington) 45:540-544 [Keywords: population transfer, east and west populations, disease risk]

Bull, C. M., Zalucki, M. P., Suzuki, Y., Mackay, D. A., Kitching, R. L. 1985. An experimental investigation of resource use by female monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.). Australian Journal of Ecology (Carlton) 10:391-398

Byers, J. R. 1978. Biosystematics of the genus Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). X. Incidence and level of multiple mating in natural and laboratory populations. Canadian Entomologist 110:193-200

Calvert, W. H. 1994. Behavioral response of monarch butterflies (Nymphalidae) to disturbances in their habitat: a startle response? Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 48:157-165 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, predation, Mexico]

Calvert, W. H., Lawton, R. O. 1993. Comparative phenology of variation in size, weight, and water content of eastern North American monarch butterflies at five overwintering sites in Mexico. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 299-307. Science Series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, Mexico]

Calvert, W. H., Mendoza V, N. P., Lawton, R. O. 1986. Relationship between mortality and habitat structure at several Mexican monarch butterfly overwintering colonies. Field report to Monarca, A. C., and the World Wildlife Fund.

Dudley, R., Adler, G. H. 1996. Biogeography of milkweed butterflies (Nymphalidae, Danainae) and mimetic patterns on tropical Pacific archipelagos. Journal of the Linnean Society 57:317-326

Eanes, W. F. 1978. Morphological variance and enzyme heterozygosity in the monarch butterfly. Nature (London) 276:263-264 [Keywords: genetics, heterozygosity, morphology]

Eanes, W. F., Koehn, R. K. 1978. An analysis of genetic structure in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. Evolution 32:784-797 [Keywords: genetic structure, population structure, mating patterns]

Edmunds, M. 1968. Natural selection in mimetic butterflies at Legon. Ghana J. Sci., Accra 8:16

Edmunds, M. 1976. Larval mortality and population regulation in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus in Ghana. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 58:129-145

Eisner, T., Meinwald, J. 1987. Alkaloid-derived pheromones and sexual selection in Lepidoptera. In Pheromone biochemistry , ed. G. D. Prestwich, G. J. Blomquist. pp. 251-269. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press

Etchegaray, J. B., Nishida, T. 1975. Reproductive activity, seasonal abundance and parasitism of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 22:33-39 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, abundance, parasitism]

Fadem, C. M., Shapiro, A. M. 1979. Notes on winter roosting by monarchs (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) at an inland site in California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 55:309-310

Ford, E. B. 1975. Ecological genetics (4th edition) xx + 442 pp., 18 pls. Lond.

Frey, D. F., Leong, K. L. H. 1993. Can microhabitat selection of differences in `catchability' explain male-biased sex ratios in overwintering populations of monarch butterflies? Animal Behaviour 45:1025-1027 [Keywords: sex ratio, behavior, roosting]

Frey, D. F., Leong, K. L. H. 1995. Reply to Nylin, Wickman & Wiklund regarding sex ratios of California overwintering monarch butterflies. Animal Behaviour 49:515-518 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, sex ratio, reproduction]

Funk, R. S. 1968. Overwintering of monarch butterflies as a breeding colony in southwestern Arizona. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 22:63-64

Herman, W. S. 1988. Body weight and wing length changes in Minnesota populations of the monarch butterfly. J. Lep. Soc. 42:32-36

Hess, Q. F. 1979. Butterflies of Ontario and summaries of Lepidoptera encountered in Ontario in 1978. Occasional Publications, Toronto, Entomol. Assoc., Toronto 10:1-70

James, D. G. 1979. Observations on two overwintering clusters of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Sydney area during 1978. Australian Entomological Magazine 5:81-85

James, D. G. 1981. Studies on a winter breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Spencer, New South Wales. General and Applied Entomology (Sydney) 13:47-53

James, D. G. 1982. A transient non-breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) near Picton, New South Wales. Australian entomological magazine 8:96-99

James, D. G. 1984. Population and general biology of non-reproductive colonies of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 32:663-670 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, mark-recapture]

Judd, W. W. 1970. Additional observations on butterflies of Dunn Township, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) 24:13-16

Kingsolver, J. G. 1983. Ecological significance of flight activity in Colias butterflies: Implication for reproductive strategy and population structure. Ecol. 64:546-551

Kingsolver, J. G. 1985. Butterfly thermoregulation: Organismic mechanisms and population consequences. J. Lepid. Soc. 24:1-20

Kitching, I. J. 1985. Allozyme variation in the milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 86:367-389 [Keywords: genetics, genetic variation, allozymes, electrophoresis, population structure]

Kitching, R. L., Zalucki, M. P. 1981. Observations on the ecology of Euploea core corinna (Nymphalidae) with special reference to an overwintering population. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 35:106-119

Knowlton, N. 1979. Reproductive synchrony, parental investment and evolutionary dynamics of sexual selection. Animal Behaviour 27:1022-1033

Koch, L. E., Dell, B., Keighery, G. J. 1977. The Wanderer butterfly at Bunbury and other parts of the South-west, and a new foodplant. Western Australian Naturalist 13:183-184

Lane, J. 1985. California's monarch butterfly trees. Pacific Discovery 38:13-15

Leong, K. L. H. 1990. Microenvironmental factors associated with the winter habitat of the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in central California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83:906-910 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, microhabitat, California, wind]

Leong, K. L. H., Frey, D., Brenner, G. 1991. Use of multivariate analyses to characterize the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) winter habitat. Annals of the entomological society of america 84:263-267 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, California, microhabitat, microclimate]

Malcolm, S. B. 1987. The fourth chemical ecology meeting. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:292-293

Neck, R. W. 1976. Summer monarch (Danaus plexippus) in southern Texas (Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 30:137

Nylin, S., Wickman, P.-O., Wiklund, C. 1995. An adaptive explanation for male-biased sex ratios in overwintering monarch butterflies. Animal Behaviour 49:511-514 [Keywords: ecology, sex ratio, protandry hypothesis]

Platt, A. P. 1983. Evolution of North American admiral butterflies. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 29:10-22

Ramsay, G. W. 1964. Overwintering swarms of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 3:10-16

Remmert, H. 1982. And now? Ecosystem research! In Trends in ecological research in the 1980's, eds. J. H. Cooley and F. B. Golley, 179-191. New York and London: Plenum Press.

Rutowski, R. H., Newton, M., Schaefer, J. 1983. Interspecific variation in the size of the nutrient investment made by male butterflies during copulation. Evolution 37:708-713

Sakai, W. H., Lane, J., Evans, A. V., Schrumpf J., & Monroe, M. 1989. The wintering colonies of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus (L.): Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera) in the state of California. In U.S.A. California Department of Fish and Game Contract Report FG7551 . pp. 38 pages

Sherman, P. W., Watt, W. B. 1973. The thermal ecology of some Colias butterfly larvae. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 83:25-40

Singer, M. C. 1982. Sexual selection for small size in male butterflies. American Naturalist 119:440-443

Smith, D. A. S. 1973. Negative non-random mating in the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus in Tanzania. Nature (London) 242:131-132

Smith, D. a. S. 1975. All-female broods in Danaus chrysippus L. and their ecological significance. Heredity (Oxford) 34:363-371

Smith, D. A. S. 1975. Sexual selection in a wild population of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. Science (Washington) 187:664-665 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, sexual selection, east Africa]

Smith, D. A. S. 1980. Heterosis, epistasis and linkage disequilibrium in a wild population of the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 69:87-109

Smith, D. A. S. 1981. Heterozygous advantage expressed through sexual selection in a polymorphic African butterfly. Nature (London) 289:17-175

Smithers, C. N. 1972. Observations on a breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Camden, New South Wales. Australian Zoologist 17:142-148

Stern, V., Smith, R. F. 1960. Factors affecting egg production and oviposition in populations of Colias philodice eurytheme Boisduva (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Hilgardia 29:411-454

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Urquhart, F. A. 1974. Fluctuations in monarch butterfly populations. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 1974:1-2

Urquhart, F. A., Beard, P., Browniee, R. 1965. A population study of a hibernal roosting colony of the Monarch butterfly (D. plexippus) in nothern California. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 4:221-236

Urquhart, F. A., Urquhart, N. R. 1976. A study of the peninsula Florida populations of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus; Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 30:73-87

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Vane-Wright, R. I. 1978. Ecology and evolution [meeting report]. Antenna 2:47-48

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Yamamoto, M. 1983. Relationship between sex ratio and flight activity on two related butterflies, Pieris rapae crucivora and P. napi nesis (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Kontyu (Tokyo) 51:528-533

Yeager, D. 1974. Monarch behaviours in south Texas. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 1974:3

Zalucki, M. P. 1978. Population ecology of Danaus plexippus - tracking butterfly movements. News Bull., Entomol. Soc. Queensland, St Lucia 6:99

Zalucki, M. P. 1980. Animal movement and its population consequences: with a case study of Danaus plexippus, 533 pp. [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, School of Australian Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Queensland].

Zalucki, M. P. 1981. Temporal and spatial variation of parasitism in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 8:3-8

Zalucki, M. P., Hughes, J. M., Arthur, J. M. 1993. Seasonal variation at four loci in a continuously breeding population of Danaus plexippus L. Heredity (Oxford) 70:205-213 [Keywords: genetics, seasonal genetic variation]

Zalucki, M. P., Hughes, J. M., Carter, P. A. 1987. Genetic variation in Danaus plexippus L.: Habitat selection of differences in activity times? Heredity (Oxford) 59:213-221 [Keywords: genetics, habitat selection, activity times, Australia]

Zalucki, M. P., Kitching, R. L. 1982. Temporal and spatial variation of mortality in field populations of Danaus plexippus L. and D. chrysippus L. larvae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Oecologia (Heidelberg) 43:201-207

Zalucki, M. P., Kitching, R. L. 1984. The dynamics of adult Danaus plexippus L. (Danaidae) within patches of its food plant, Asclepias spp. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 38:209-219 [Keywords: behavior, feeding, mark-recapture, sex-ratios, Australia]

Zalucki, M. P., Suzuki, Y. 1987. Milkweed patch quality, adult population structure, and egg laying in the monarch butterfly. J. Lepid. Soc. 41:13-22 [Keywords: Asclepias, plant-animal interactions, milkweed, sex ratios, Australia]

Life History

Coolidge, K. R. 1926. The life history of Danaus berenice strigosa Bates (Lepidoptera; Danaidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 51:27-33

Edgar, J. A. 1984. Parsonsieae: Ancestral larval food plants of the Danainae-Ithomiinae? In The biology of butterflies, eds. R. I. Vane-Wright and P. R. Ackery, 91-93. London: Academic Press.

Gibbs, G. W. 1980. New Zealand butterflies: identification and natural history 207 pp., 194 colour figs. Auckland.

Harris, A. 1986. Natural history of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in the Santa Barbara region. . Santa Barbara: University of California

Hayes, J. L. 1982. A study of the relationships of diapause phenomena and other life history characters in temperate butterflies. American Naturalist 120:160-170

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Ordish, G. 1975. The year of the butterfly New York:. xii + 147 pp.

Orrell, J. 1971. Juvenile mortality in Danaus plexippus. North Queensland Naturalist (Cairns) 38:7-8

Riley, C. V. 1871. Two of our common butterflies. Their natural history; with some general remarks on transformation and protective imitation as illustrated by them. Report on Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects, of the State of Missouri, Jefferson City. 3:142-175

Riley, C. V. 1880. Philosophy of the pupation of butterflies and particularly of the Nymphalidae. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 28:455-463

Rothschild, M., Gardiner, B., Mummery, R. 1978. Pupal colouration and diet. Antenna 2:15

Rothschild, M., Gardiner, B., Mummery, R. 1978. The role of carotenoids in the "golden glance" of danaid pupae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Journal of Zoology (London) 186:351-358, 2 pls.

Sheppard, P. M. 1975. Natural selection and heredity [4th edition]. London:. 239 pp.

Vane-Wright, R. I. 1978. Ecological and behavioural origins of diversity in butterflies. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 9:56-70, 2 pls.

Symbioses (Diseases, Parasites, Predators, Mimicry Complexes)

Alonso-Mejia, A., Brower, L. P. 1994. From model to mimic: age-dependent unpalatability in monarch butterflies. Experientia (Basel) 50:176-181 [Keywords: cardiac glycosides, predation, defense, aging, mimicry]

Arnott, H. J., Smith, K. M., Fullilove, S. L. 1968. Ultrastructure of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus affecting the monarch butterfly,. Danaus plexippus. 1. Development of the virus and nomal polyhedra in the larva. Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research 24:479-507

Berenbaum, M. R. 1995. Aposematism and mimicry in caterpillars. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 49:386-396 [Keywords: mimicry, life stages, larval mimicry complexes]

Boppre, M. 1978. Chemical communication, plant relationships and mimicry in the evolution of Danaid butteflies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24:64-77

Bowers, M. D. 1983. Mimicry in North American checkerspot butterflies: Euphydryas phaeton and Chlosyne harrisii (Nymphalidae). Ecological Entomology 8:1-8

Brower, J. V. Z. 1958. Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. Part 1. The monarch, Danaus plexippus, and the viceroy, Limenitis archippus archippus. Evolution 12:32-47

Brower, J. V. Z. 1958. Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. Part 3. Danaus berenice and Limenitis archippus floridensis. Evolution 12:273-285

Brower, J. V. Z. 1963. Experimental studies and new evidence on the evolution of mimicry in butterflies. Proceedings of the International Congress of Zoology (Washington) 4:156-161

Brower, L. P. 1968. Automimicry, an extension of mimicry theory. American Zoologist 8:475

Brower, L. P. 1970. Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain and implications for mimicry theory. In Chambers, K. L., Biochemical Evolution: 69-82. Corvallis, Orgegon. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Biological Colloquium, 1968.

Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z., Stiles, F. G., Croze, H. J., Hower, A. S. 1964. Mimicry:differential advantage of colour patterns in the natural environment. Science (Washington) 144:183-185

Brower, L. P., Calvert, W. H. 1985. Foraging dynamics of bird predators on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Evolution 39:852-868 [Keywords: overwintering, predation, Mexico]

Brower, L. P., Horner, B. E., Marty, M. A., Moffit, C. M., B., V. R. 1985. Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus, P. spicilegus, and Microtus mexicanus) as predators of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in Mexico. Biotropica (Lawrence) 17:89-99

Brower, L. P., Nelson, C. J., Seiber, J. N., Fink, L. S., Bond, C. 1988. Exaptation as an alternative to coevolution in the cardenolide-based chemical defense of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) against avian predators. In Chemical mediation of coevolution , ed. K. C. Spencer. pp. 447-475. New York: Academic Press [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycoside, birds, predation, physiology]

Brower, L. P., Pough, F. H., Meck, H. R. 1970. Theoretical investigations of automimicry. I. Single trial learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 66:1059-1066

Calvert, W. H. 1996. Fire ant predation on monarch larvae (Nymphalidae: Danainae) in a central Texas prairie. J. Lep. Soc. 50:149-151

Calvert, W. H., Hedrick, L. E., Brower, L. P. 1979. Mortality of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.): avian prediation at five overwintering sites in Mexico. Science (Washington) 204:847-851

Cohen, J. A. 1985. Differences and similarities in cardenolide content of queen and monarch butterflies in Florida and their ecological and evolutionary implications. Journal of Chemical Ecology 11:85-103 [Keywords: chemical defense, mimicry, cardenolide fingerprint, cardiac glycosides]

Cott, H. B. 1940. Adaptive coloration in animals 508 pp. London.

Dempster, J. P. 1984. The natural enemies of butterflies. In 97-104, Syjposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London No. 11.

Dias, M. M. 1978. Parasitismo de Danaus plexippus erippus (Lepidoptera, Danaidae) por "Masicera" brasiliensis (Diptera, Tachinidae) e descricao da larva e pupario do parasita. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 22:5-9

Drummond, B. A. 1976. Comparative ecology of mimetic relationships of Ithomiine butterflies in eastern Ecuador. Ph.D. thesis, Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Mich.

Dudley, R., Adler, G. H. 1996. Biogeography of milkweed butterflies (Nymphalidae, Danainae) and mimetic patterns on tropical Pacific archipelagos. Journal of the Linnean Society 57:317-326

Edmunds, M. 1968. Natural selection in mimetic butterflies at Legon. Ghana J. Sci., Accra 8:16

Edmunds, M. 1976. Larval mortality and population regulation in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus in Ghana. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 58:129-145

Faffa, K. F. 1977. Some parasites of lepidopterous larvae recently collected in Delaware. Entomological News 88:81-84

Fink, L. S. 1980. Bird predation on overwintering monarch butterflies. Honors thesis. Amherst, MA. Amherst College

Fink, L. S., Brower, L. P., Waide, R. B., & Spitzer, P. R. 1983. Overwintering monarch butterflies as food for insectivorous birds in Mexico. Biotropica (Lawrence) 15:151-153

Fink, L. S., Brower, L. P. 1981. Birds can overcome the cardenolide defence of Monarch butterflies in Mexico. Nature (London) 291:67-70 [Keywords: defense, cardenolides, bird predation, Mexico]

Glendinning, J. I. 1989. Comparative responses of five sympatric species of mice to overwintering colonies of monarch butterflies. University of Florida

Glendinning, J. I. 1990. Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. II. Taste tests using intact monarchs. Chemoecology (Stuttgart) 1:124-

Glendinning, J. I., Alonso, A., Brower, L. P. 1988. Behavioral and ecological interaction of foraging mice (Peromyscus melanotis) with overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus pl.exippus) in Mexico. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 75:222-227 [Keywords: ecology, behavior, vertebrate predators, overwintering, chemical defense]

Glendinning, J. I., Brower, L. P. 1990. Feeding and breeding responses of five mice species to overwintering aggregations of the monarch butterfly. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:1091-1112 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, physiology, chemical defense, vertebrate predator]

Glendinning, J. I., Brower, L. P., Montgomery, C. A. 1990. Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. I. Tast and toxicity tests using artificial diets laced with digitoxin or monocrotaline. Chemoecology (Stuttgart) 1:114-123

Grimshaw, P. 1983. Test releases of Heliconius melpomene, carried out to discover if it is feasible to house this species in conjunction with a large collection of tropical birds. Newsletter Exotic Entomol. Group and Amateur Entomol. Soc. 1983:9-12

Huheey, J. E. 1984. Warning coloration and mimicry. In Chemical ecology of insects, eds. W. J. Bell and R. T. Carde, 257-297. London and New York: Chapman and Hall, 524 pp.

Jeffords, M. R., Sternburg, J. G., Waldbauer, G. P. 1979. Batesian mimicry: field demonstration of the survival value of pipevine swallowtail and monarch colour patterns. Evolution 33:275-286

Jones, F. M. 1932. Insect coloration and the relative acceptability of insects to birds. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 80:345-386

Jones, F. M. 1934. Further experiments on coloration and relative acceptability of insects to birds. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 82:443-453

Kingsley, V. V. 1972. Persistence of intestinal bacteria in the developmental stages of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 20:51-58

Leeuw, I. 1978. Two observations of predation on Lepidoptera. Great Lakes Entomologist (East Lansing) 11:262

Leong, K. L. H., Kaya, H. K., Yoshimura, M. A. 1992. The occurrence and effect of a protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (Neogregarinida: Ophryocystidae) on overwintering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) from two California winter sites. Ecological entomology 17:338-342 [Keywords: pathogen, protozoan parasite]

Leong, K. L. H., Yoshimura, M. A., Williams, H. 1997. Instar susceptibility of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to the negregarine parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 69:79

Lorito, M., Peterbauer, C., Hayes, C. K., Harman, G. E. 1994. Synergistic interaction between fungal cell wall degrading enzymes and different antifungal compounds enhances inhibition of spore germination. Microbiology (New York) 140:623-629 [Keywords: parasites, Botrytis cinerea, antifungals, monarch culture maintenance]

Malcolm, S. B. 1990. Mimicry: Status of a classical evolutionary paradigm. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5:57-62 [Keywords: chemical defense, mimicry]

Mathur, S., Mathur, R. B. 1979. Sturmia convergens Wied (Tachinidae- Diptera) an endo larval-pupal parasitoid of Danais chrysippus. Indian Journal of Entomology (New Delhi) 40:353 [not seen]

Mayer, A. G. 1897. On the color and color-patterns of moths and butterflies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 30:169-256, 10 pls.

McIsaac, H. P. 1991. The capture and release of a monarch butterfly (Nymphalidae: Danainae) by a barn swallow. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45:62-63 [Keywords: chemical defense, vertebrate predator, anecdotal]

McLaughlin, R. E., Myers, J. E. 1970. Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n., a neogregarine pathogen of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.), and the Florida Queen butterfly, D. gilippus berenice (Cramer). Journal of Protozoology 17:300-305 [Keywords: parasite, external infection]

Moulton, J. C. 1909. On some of the principal mimetic (Mullerian) combinations of tropical American butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1908:585-606, pls. 30-34

Owen, D. F. 1970. Mimetic polymorphism and the palatability spectrum. Oikos 21:333-336

Papageorgis, C. 1975. Mimicry in neotropical butterflies. American Scientist 63:522-532

Pasteur, G. 1982. A classificatory review of mimicry systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:169-199

Petersen, B. 1964. Monarch butterflies are eaten by birds. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 18:165-169

Platt, A. P. 1975. Monomorphic mimicry in Nearctic Limenitis butterflies: experimental hybridization of the L. arthemisastynax complex with L. archippus. Evolution 29:120-141

Platt, A. P., Coppinger, R. P., Brower, L. P. 1969. Demonstration of the mimetic advantage of edible butterflies presented to caged avian predators. Amer. Zool., Utica, N. Y. 9:1062

Platt, A. P., Coppinger, R. P., Brower, L. P. 1971. Demonstration of the selective advantage of mimetic Limenitis butterflies presented to caged avian predators. Evolution 25:692-701

Poulton, E. B. 1909. Mimetic North American species of the genus Limenitis (s.l.) and their models. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1908:447-488, 1 pl.

Poulton, E. B. 1916. The hereditary transmission of small variations and the origin of butterfly mimicry. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond., Lond. 128:21-52

Ritland, D. B. 1991. Ecological dynamics of viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus) mimicry in Florida. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

Ritland, D. B. 1991. Palatability of aposematic queen butterflies (Danaus gilippus) feeding on Sarcostemma clausum (Asclepiadaceae) in Florida. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17:1593-1610 [Keywords: ecology, chemical defense, mimicry, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides, Florida]

Ritland, D. B. 1991. Revising a classic butterfly mimicry scenario: Demonstration of Mullerian mimicry between Florida viceroys (Limenitis archippus floridensis) and queen (Danaus gilippus berenice). Evolution 45:918-934 [Keywords: chemical defense, mimicry]

Ritland, D. B. In press a. Unpalatability of viceroy butterflies (Limenitis archippus) and their purported mimicry models, Florida queens (Danaus gilippus).

Ritland, D. B., Brower, L. P. 1991. The viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic. Nature (London) 350:497-498 [Keywords: chemical defense, mimicry]

Rothschild, M. 1972. Some observations on the relationship between plants, toxic insects and birds. Ann. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. 8:1-12

Rothschild, M. 1979. Mimicry, butterflies and plants. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalinses (Uppsala) 22:82-99

Rothschild, M., Kellet, D. N. 1972. Reactions of various predators to insects storing heart poisons (cardiac glycosides) in their tissues. Journal of Entomology A 46:103-110

Sakai, W. H. 1994. Avian predation on monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae: Danainae), at a California overwintering site. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 48:148-156 [Keywords: overwintering, bird predation, tagging, California]

Shapiro, A. M. 1977. Avian predatin on butterflies - again. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 89:293-295

Shapiro, A. M. 1981. The pierid red-egg syndrome. American Naturalist 117:276-294

Sheppard, P. M. 1959. The evolution of mimicry; a problem in ecology and genetics. Cold Sping Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 24:131-140

Sheppard, P. M. 1965. The Monarch butterfly and mimicry. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 19:227-230

Smith, D. A. S. 1978. Cardiac glycosides in Danaus chrysippus (L.) provide some protection against insect parasitoids. Experientia (Basel) 34

Smith, D. A. S. 1979. The significance of beak marks on the wings of an aposematic, distasteful and polymorphic butterfly. Nature (London) 281:215-216

Smithers, C. N. 1973. A note on the natural enemies of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 1:37-40

Thompson, W. R. 1945. Parasites of the Lepidoptera (CI-F). Catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests, Ontario Sec. 1:131-258

Treat, A. E. 1975. Mites of moths and butterflies. Frontispiece, Ithaca & Lond. :362

Turner, J. R. G. 1984. Mimicry: The palatability spectrum and its consequences. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 11:141-161

Urquhart, F. A. 1957. A discussion of Batesian mimicry as applied to the Monarch and Viceroy butterflies [iv] + 27 pp., frontispiece. Toronto.

Urquhart, F. A. 1966. Virus-caused epizootic as a factor in population fluctuations of the Monarch butterfly. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 8:492-495

Vane-Wright, R. I. 1976. A unified classification of mimetic resemblances. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 8:25-56

Vane-Wright, R. I. 1980. On the definition of mimicry. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 13:1-6

Vane-Wright, R. I. 1981. Mimicry and its unknown ecological consequences. In The evolving biosphere , ed. P. L. Forey. pp. 157-168. London & Cambridge: Chance, change & challenge 2

Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Lewinsohn, T. M. 1984. Discrimination and release of unpalatable butterflies by Nephila clavipes, a neotropicl orb-weaving spider. Ecological Entomology 9:337-344

Waldauer, G. P. 1988. Asynchrony between Batesian mimics and their models. American Naturalist 131 Supplement:S103-S121 [Keywords: mimicry, phenology, chemical defense]

White, D. S. 1989. Monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) as prey for the dragonfly, Hagenius brevistylus (Odonata: Gomphidae). Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entom 100:129-

Wickler, W. 1968. Mimicry in plants and animals London:. 255 pp.

Zalucki, M. P. 1981. Temporal and spatial variation of parasitism in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 8:3-8

Zalucki, M. P., Freebairn, C. 1982. An additional parasitoid for Danaus plexippus L. Bull. Ent. Soc. Queensland 10:68

Rearing in the Lab

Brewer, J., Thomas, G. M. 1966. Causes of death encountered during rearing of Danaus plexippus (Danaidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 20:235-238 [Keywords: rearing techniques]

Byers, J. R. 1978. Biosystematics of the genus Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). X. Incidence and level of multiple mating in natural and laboratory populations. Canadian Entomologist 110:193-200

Glass, H. W. j., Pan, M. L. 1983. Laboratory rearing of monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae), using an artifical diet. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 76:475 [Keywords: rearing techniques, artificial diet]

Greene, G. L., Leppla, N. C., Dickerson, W. A. 1976. Velvetbean caterpillar: a rearing procedure and artificial medium. Journal of Economic Entomology 69:487-488 [Keywords: rearing technique, artificial diet]

Harris, R. L., Peterson III, R. D., Vazquez-Guevara, M. E., Graham, O. H. 1984. Gelled media for the production of screwworm larvae. Southwestern Entomologist (Dallas) 9:257-262 [Keywords: rearing technique, artificial diet]

Hughes, P. R., Radke, C. D., Renwick, A. A. 1993. A simple, low-input method for continuous laboratory rearing of the monarch butterfly, (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) for research. American Entomologist 39:109-111 [Keywords: rearing techniques]

Morton, A. C. 1979. Rearing butterflies on artificial diets. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 18:221-227 [Keywords: rearing technique]

Munger, F. 1973. An improved method for rearing the monarch butterfly. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 12:163-168 [Keywords: rearing techniques]

Munger, F., Harriss, T. T. 1970. Laboratory production of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 8:169-176 [Keywords: rearing techniques]

Singh, P., Clare, G. K. 1988. A note on rearing of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) on an artificial diet. New Zealand Entomologist 11:73-75 [Keywords: rearing techniques, artificial diet]

Urquhart, F. A., Stegner, R. W. 1966. Laboratory techniques for maintaining cultures of the Monarch butterfly. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 5:129-136 [Keywords: rearing techniques]

Conservation

Anderson, J. B., Brower, L. P. 1996. Freeze-protection of overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico: critical role of the forest as a blanket and an umbrella. Ecological entomology 21:107-116 [Keywords: ecology, behavior, physiology, overwintering, clustering, deforestation, conservation]

Brower, L. P. 1986. Commentary: The potential impact of DIPEL spraying on the monarch butterfly overwintering pheneoma. Atala (Portland) 14:17-19

Brower, L. P., Malcolm, S. B. 1991. Animal migrations: Endangered phenomena. American Zoologist 31:265-276 [Keywords: behavior, migration, overwintering, conservation]

Calvert, W. H., ed. 1981. Project 1958, Conservation of the Mexican Monarch butterfly. . Vol. 1980-1981. London [Keywords: conservation, migration, overwintering, tourism, lumbering, temperature]

Calvert, W. H., Brower, L. P. 1982. The importance of forest cover for the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus, Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 35:216-225

Calvert, W. H., Hyatt, M., Mendoza, N. P. 1986. The effects of understory vegetation on the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie 18:1-17 [Keywords: conservation biology, overwintering, microhabitat, temperature]

Calvert, W. H., Malcolm, S. B., Glendinning, J. I., Brower, L. P., Zalucki, M. P., et al. 1989. Conservation biology of monarch butterfly overwintering sites in Mexico. Vida Silvestre Neotropical (Washington) 2:38-48 [Keywords: conservation, overwintering, oyamel fir, protected reserve, management plan, core areas, buffer areas, Mexico]

Calvert, W. H., Zuchowski, W., Brower, L. P. 1982. The impact of forest thinning on microclimate in monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) overwintering areas of Mexico. Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico 42:11-18

Calvert, W. H., Zuchowski, W., Brower, L. P. 1983. The effect of rain, snow and freezing temperatures on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Biotropica (Lawrence) 15:42-47

Calvert, W. H., Zuchowski, W., Brower, L. P. 1984. Monarch butterfly conservation: Interactions of cold weather, forest thinning and storms on the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in Mexico. Atala (Portland) 9:2-6

Fink, A. 1982. Monterey County: The dramatic story of its past Santa Cruz, CA: Western Tanager Press. 254 pp.

Lane, J. 1984. The status of monarch butterfly overwintering sites in Alta California. Atala (Portland) 9:17-20

Malcolm, S. B. 1987. Monarch butterfly migration in North America: Controversy and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:135-138 [Keywords: migration, conservation, Wenner, western population]

Malcolm, S. B. 1993. Conservation of monarch butterfly migration in North America: an endangered phenomenon. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 357-362. Science series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

Malcolm, S. B., Zalucki, M. P., eds. 1993. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly . Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

Matthews, D. 1992. Mountain monarchs: In the Mexican highlands, monarch butterflies by the millions awaken to the warming spring sun. Wildlife Conservation 95:26-29,78 [Keywords: general review, migration, lay, conservation]

Nagano, C. D., Sakai, W. 1988. Making the world safe for monarchs. Outdoor of California 49:5-9

Ogarrio, R. 1984. Development of the civic group, Pro Monaraca, A. C., for the protection of the monarch butterfly wintering grounds in the Republic of Mexico. Atala (Portland) 9:11-13

Pyle, R. M. 1984. International efforts for monarch conseration, and conclusion. Atala (Portland) 9:21-22

Remmert, H. 1982. And now? Ecosystem research! In Trends in ecological research in the 1980's, eds. J. H. Cooley and F. B. Golley, 179-191. New York and London: Plenum Press.

Schorger, A. W. 1973. The passenger pigeon: Its natural history and extiniction Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 424 pp.

Snook, L. C. 1993. Conservation of the monarch butterfly reserves in Mexico: focus on the forest. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 363-376. Science series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: conservation, behavior, overwintering, logging]

Tarrier, M. 1993. Protection of lepidopterans: SOS monarchs: last act: the farewell (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Danainae). Alexanor 18:189-192 [Keywords: conservation]

Urquhart, F. A. 1980. Conservation areas for the eastern population of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 110:109 [Keywords: conservation, overwintering sites, Mexico]

Weiss, S. B. 1991. Forest canopy structure at overwintering monarch butterfly sites: measurements with hemispherical photography. Conservation Biology 5:165-175 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, California, conservation, light conditions]

Zalucki, M. P., Chandica, A., Kitching, R. L. 1981. Quantifying the distribution and abundance of an animals resource using aerial photography. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 50:176-183

MONARCH ANATOMY

Morphology of Life Stages

Behera, M. K., Behura, B. K. 1973. Studies on the scales of five species of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Insecta). Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress (Calcutta) 60:538-539
[Keywords: anatomy, scales]

Birch, M. C. 1979. Eversible structures. In Moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 9, Sphingidae-Noctuidae, eds. J. Heath and A. M. Emmet, 9-18. London: Curwen Books.

Boppre, M., Fecher, K. 1977. Structural complexity of scent organs of male Danaid butterflies. Scanning Electron Microscopy (Chicago) 2:630, 639-644

Boppre, M., Petty, R. L., Schneider, D., Meinwald, J. 1978. Behaviourally mediated contacts between scent organs: another prerequisite for pheromone production in Danaus chrysippus males (Lepidoptera). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 126:97-103 [Keywords: behavior, chemical communication, pheromones, hairpencils, PA]

Boppre, M., Vane-Wright, R. I. 1989. Androconial systems in Danainae (Lepidoptera): Functional morphology of Amauris, Danaus, Tirumala and Euploea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 97:101-133

Burgess, E. 1980. Contributions to the anatomy of the Milkweed butterfly (Danais archippus Fabr.). Anniv. Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat'l. Hist., Boston 3-14, 2 pls.

Byers, J. R., Hinks, C. F. 1973. The surface sculpturing of the integument of lepidopterous larvae and its adaptive significance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 51:1171-1179, 3 pls.

Dethier, V. G. 1975. The Monarch revisited. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 48:129-140

Eanes, W. F. 1978. Morphological variance and enzyme heterozygosity in the monarch butterfly. Nature (London) 276:263-264 [Keywords: genetics, heterozygosity, morphology]

Ehrlich, P. R. 1958. The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classificatin of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Lawrence, Kans. 39:305-370

Ehrlich, P. R. 1958. The integumental anatomy of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaiidae). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Lawrence, Kans. 38:1315-1349

Ehrlich, P. R., Davidson, S. E. 1961. The internal anatomy of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Microent., Palo Alto 24:85-133 [Keywords: anatomy, internal]

Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. 1962. The head musculature of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Microent., Palo Alto 25:1-89

Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. 1963. The thoraic and basal abdominal musculature of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Microent., Palo Alto 25:91-126

Eltringham, H. 1915. Further observations on the structure of the scent organs of certain male danaine butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1915:152-1786, pls. 11-20

Frings, H., Frings, M. 1949. The loci of contact chemoreceptors in insects: a review with new evidence. American Midland Naturalist 41:602-658

Hausman, S. A. 1951. The scent producing organ of the Monarch butterfly. American Naturalist 85:389-391 [Keywords: anatomy, chemical communication]

Hepburn, H. R. 1971. Proboscis extension and recoil in lepidoptera. Journal of Insect Physiology 17:637-656

Herman, W. S. 1975. Endocrine regulation of posteclosion enlargement of the male and female reproductive glands in monarch butterflies. General and Comparative Endocrinology 26:534-540

Herman, W. S., Barker, J. F. 1976. Ecdysterone antagonism, mimicry and synergism of juvenile hormone action on the monarch butterfly reproductive tract. Journal of Insect Physiology 22:643-648 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, ecdysterone, juvenile hormone]

Hirumi, H., Maramorosch, K. 1964. Tissue culture of the Monarch butterfly, Anosia plexippus. Contrib., Boyce Thompson Inst., Menasha, Wis. 22:259-268

Johnson, G. C. D. 1979. The accessory reproductive glands of the male monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus: Their development, fine structure, and biochemistry. Ph.D. thesis, St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.

Jordan, K. 1898. Contributions to the morphology of lepidoptera. 1. The antennae of butterflies. Novitates Zoologicae (London) 5:374-415, 2 pls.

Kellogg, V. L. 1893. The sclerites of the head of Danais archippus. Kans. Univ. Quarterly, Lawrence, Kans. 2:51-57

Kirk, W. D. J. 1983. The tracheation of the wings of adult Lepidoptera. J. Zool. Lond. 199:385-393

Lamborn, W. A. 1919. The relation of the anal tufts to the brands of the hind-wings observed and the scent perceived in a male danaine butterfly. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1918:clxxii-clxxiv

Leong, K. L. H., Frey, D., Hamaoka, D. 1993. Wing damage in overwintering populations of monarch butterfly at two California sites. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86:728-733 [Keywords: anatomy, overwintering, California, mating, reproduction]

Mathavan, S., Muthukrishman, J. 1980. Use of larval weight and length as indices of gut content weight in some lepidopterous larvae. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 44:317-318

Mehta, D. R. 1933. Comparative morphology of the male genitalia in lepidoptera. Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) 35:197-266

Myers, J. 1969. Distribution of foodplant chemoreceptors on the female Florida queen butterfly. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 23:196-198

Myers, J. H. 1968. The structure of the antennae of the Florida Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer). Journal of Morphology 125:315-328

Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1968. Morphological cell death in the post-embryonic development of the insect optic lobes. Nature (London) 218:780-781

Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1968. Morphology of the larval and adult brains of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus L. Journal of Morphology 126:67-94

Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1969. Postembryonic brain development in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus L. I. Cellular events during brain morphogenesis. Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (Berlin) 162:197-217

Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1969. Postembryonic brain development in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus L. II. The optic lobes. Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (Berlin) 163:197-220

Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1970. Postembryonic brain development in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus L. III. Morphogenesis of centres other than the optic lobes. Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (Berlin) 164:247-260

Pliske, T. E., Salpeter, M. M. 1971. The structure and development of the hairpencil glands in males of the Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice. Journal of Morphology 134:215-242

Rogers, S. H., Wells, H. 1984. The structure and function of the bursa copulatrix of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). Journal of Morphology 180:213-221

Shepard, H. H. 1930. The pleural and sternal sclerites of the lepidopterous thorax. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 23:237-260

Taylor, R. L. 1964. The metallic gold spots on the pupa of the Monarch butterfly. Entomol. News, Philadelphia 75:253-256

Thakare, V. K., Raina, S. K., Pable, U. R. 1975. Histomorphology of the female reproductive system of the butterfly Danais legisipus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology 22:1-8

Urquhart, F. A. 1970. Mechanism of cremaster withdrawal and attachment in pendant rhopalocerous pupae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist 102:1579-1582

Urquhart, F. A. 1972. The effect of cauterizing the MNPPM of the pupa of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus) (Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 26:137-140

Urquhart, F. A. 1972. The effect of micro-cauterizing the ALPPM ("gold spot" of authors) of the pupa of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexipus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Canadian Entomologist 104:991-993, 1 pl.

Urquhart, F. A. 1972. Epidermal cells of the PPM ("gold spots") of the pupa of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus p. plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Canadian Entomologist 104:1565-1571

Urquhart, F. A. 1972. Functions of the prismatic pigmented maculae (PPM) of the pupa of Danaus p. plexippus (Lepidoptera, Danaidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici 9:193-198

Urquhart, F. A. 1973. Reduction of abdominal scales of the Monarch butterfly imago as a result of cauterising the Abd PPM of the pupa. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 11:241-244

Urquhart, F. A. 1976. Alar pocket of the male Monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus) (Danaidae: Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist 108:777-782 [Keywords: anatomy, alar pocket, scales]

Urquhart, F. A., Dampney, P. 1969. Microcauterization to maxillectomize lepidopterous larvae by fulguration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 47:1416-1417

Urquhart, F. A., Tang, A. P. S. 1971. The effect of cauterizing the PPM ("Gold Spots" of authors) of the pupa of the Monarch butterfly (D. plexippus). Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 9:157-167

Wasserthal, L. T. 1984. Hemolymph flows in the wings of butterflies visualized by vital straining. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 83:45-49

Waterhouse, D. F. 1953. The occurrence and significance of the peritrophic membrane, with special reference to adult Lepidoptera and Diptera. Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 1:299-318, 2 pls.

Wensler, R. J. 1977. The ultrastructure of the indirect flight muscles of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) with implications for fuel utilization. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 58:157-167

MONARCH GENETICS

Berthold, P., Wiltschko, W., Miltenberger, H., Querner, U. 1990. Genetic transmission of migratory behavior into a nonmigratory bird population. Experientia (Basel) 46:107-108 [Keywords: migration behavior, heritability, birds, vertebrates, behavioral genetics]

Carter, P. A., Hughes, J. M., Zalucki, M. P. 1989. Genetic variation in a continuously breeding population of Danaus plexippus L.: An examination of heterozygosity at four loci in relation to activity times. Heredity (Oxford) 63:191-194 [Keywords: genetics, activity levels]

Eanes, W. F. 1976. Genetic structure and genetic organization in the Monarch butterfly. 147 pp. [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, State University of New York].

Eanes, W. F. 1978. Morphological variance and enzyme heterozygosity in the monarch butterfly. Nature (London) 276:263-264 [Keywords: genetics, heterozygosity, morphology]

Eanes, W. F. 1979. The monarch butterfly as a paradigm of genetic structure in a highly dispersive species. In Movement of highly mobile insects: Concepts and methodology in research, eds. R. L. Rabb and G. G. Kennedy, 88-102. Raleigh: North Carolina State Unversity.

Ford, E. B. 1953. The genetics of polymorphism in the Lepidoptera. Advances In Genetics 5:43-87

Ford, E. B. 1975. Ecological genetics (4th edition) xx + 442 pp., 18 pls. Lond.

Hughes, J. M., Zalucki, M. P. 1984. Genetic variation in a continuously breeding population of Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Heredity (Oxford) 52:1-7 [Keywords: genetics, genetic differentiation, Australia]

Hughes, J. M., Zalucki, M. P. 1993. The relationship between the Pgi Locus and the ability to fly at low temperatures in the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus. Biochemical Genetics (New York) 31:521-532 [Keywords: physiology, flight, temperature, genetics, sex differences]

Maeki, K., Remington, C. L. 1961. Studies of the chromosomes of North American Rhopalocera 3. Lycaenidae, Danainae, Satyrinae, Morphinae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 14:127-147

Murty, A. S., Rao, N. N. 1977. Smear technique for studying lepidopteran chromosomes. Stain Technology 52:177-178

Oberhauser, K. S., Cansler, D., Feitl, A. 1996. Genetics of a "zebra" pigment mutation in the larvae of Danaus plexippus L. (Nymphalidae: Danainae). Lepidopterists' Society Journal 50:237-

Robinson, R. 1971. Lepidoptera genetics Oxford:. ix + 687 pp.

Sheppard, P. M. 1959. The evolution of mimicry; a problem in ecology and genetics. Cold Sping Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 24:131-140

Sheppard, P. M. 1975. Natural selection and heredity [4th edition]. London:. 239 pp.

Singer, M. C. 1982. Sexual selection for small size in male butterflies. American Naturalist 119:440-443

Smith, D. A. S. 1975. Genetics of some polymorphic forms of the African butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 6:134-144

Smith, D. A. S. 1976. Evidence for autosomal meiotic drive in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. Heredity (Oxford) 36:139-142

Smith, D. A. S. 1981. Heterozygous advantage expressed through sexual selection in a polymorphic African butterfly. Nature (London) 289:17-175

Thornhill, R., Alcock, J. 1983. Sexual selection and the evolution of insect mating systems. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 547 pp.

Watt, W. B., Cartar, P. A., Donohue, K. 1986. Females' choice of "good genotypes" as mates is promoted by an insect mating system. Science (Washington) 233:1187-1190 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, female choice, good genes, PGI]

MONARCH BEHAVIOR

Reproduction

Atkins, A. F. 1974. Observations on the response of Queensland Daniad butterflies to selective attractants. In Australian Entomological Magazine . pp. 78-80. Vol. 1 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication, pheromones, hairpencils, feeding]

Barker, J. F. 1976. On the neurendocrinology of reproduction and migration in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. . St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.

Barker, J. F., Herman, W. S. 1976. Effect of photoperiod and temperature on reproduction of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Journal of Insect Physiology 22:1565-1568 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, reproduction, juvenile hormone, ovarian development]

Boggs, C. L. 1981. Selection pressures affecting male nutrient investment at mating in heliconiine butterflies. Evolution 35:931-940

Boggs, C. L., Gilbert, L. E. 1979. Male contribution to egg production in butterflies: evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating. Science (Washington) 206:83-84 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, paternal investment]

Boppre, M. 1984. Chemically mediated interactions between butterflies. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 11:259-275

Boppre, M. 1993. The American monarch: courtship and chemical communication of a peculiar Danaine butterfly. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 29-41. Science Series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication]

Brower, L. P. 1961. Studies on the migration of the monarch butterfly. 1. Breeding populations of Danaus plexippus and D. gilippus berenice in south central Florida. Ecol., Brooklyn, N.Y. 42:76-83

Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z., Cranston, F. P. 1965. Courtship behaviour of the Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer). Zool. (New York) 50:1-39

Brower, L. P., Jones, M. A. 1965. Precourtship interaction of wing and abdominal glands in male Danaus butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 40:147-151, 2 pls.

Burns, J. M. 1968. Mating frequency in natural population of skippers and spermatophore butterflies as determined by spermatophore counts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 61:852-859

Cohen, J. A., Brower, L. P. 1982. Oviposition and larval success of wild monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in relation to host plant size and cardenolide concentration. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 55:343-348 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, physiology, survivorship, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides]

Condron, B. 1974. Observations on the pairing of Danaus plexippus, the Wanderer or Monarch butterfly. Victorian Entomologist 4:37

Conner, W. E., Eisner, T., Vander Meer, R. K., Guerrero, A., Meinwald, J. 1981. Precopulatory sexual interaction in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): Role of a pheromone derived from dietary alkaloids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Berlin) 9:227-235 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication, PA, pheromones]

Dennis, R. L. H. 1985. Egg-keel number in the small tortoiseshell butterfly. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 97:162-164

Drummond, B. A. 1984. Multiple mating and sperm competition in the Lepidoptera. In Sperm competetion and the evolution of animal mating system , ed. R. L. Smith. pp. 291-370. Orlando, FL: Academic Press

Dussourd, D. E., Ubik, K., Harvis, C., Resch, J., Meinwald, J., Eisner, T. 1988. Biparental defensive endowment of eggs with acquired plant alkaloid in the moth Utetheisa ornatrix. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85:5992-5996 [Keywords: chemical defense, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs, cardiac glycosides, predation, mating behavior, pheromone]

Dussourd, D. E., Ubik, K., Resch, J. F., Meinwald, J., Eisner, T. 1984. Egg protection by parental investment of plant alkaloids in Lepidoptera. XVII Internt'l. Congr. Ent., Hamburg :840

Ehrlich, A. H., Ehrlich, P. R. 1978. Reproductive strategies in the butterflies: I. Mating frequency, plugging, and egg number. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 51:666-697

Freiling, H. H. 1909. Duftorgane der weiblichen Schmetterlinge nebst Beitragen zur Kenntnis der Sinnesorgane auf dem Schmetterlingsflugel und der Duftpinsel der Mannchen von Danais und Euploea. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zool. (Leipzig) 92:210-290, 6 pls.

Gossard, T., Jones, R. 1977. The effects of age and weather on egg-laying in Pieris rapae L. Journal of Animal Ecology 14:65-71

Gwynne, D. T. 1984. Male mating effort, confidence of paternity, and insect sperm competition. In Sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating systems, ed. R. L. Smith, 117-149, Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Haribal, M., Renwick, J. A. A. 1996. Oviposition stimulants for the monarch butterfly: Flavonol glycosides from Asclepias curassavica. Phytochemistry 41:139-144 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, oviposition, flavonoid glycosides]

Herman, W. S., Barker, J. F. 1977. Effect of mating on monarch butterfly oogenesis. Experientia (Basel) 33:688-689 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, mating, juvenile hormone]

Herman, W. S., Bennett, D. C. 1975. Regulation of oogenesis, female specific protein production, and male and female reproductive gland development by juvenile hormone in the butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 99:331-338

Herman, W. S., Brower, L. P., Calvert, W. H. 1989. Reproductive tract development in monarch butterflies overwintering in California and Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43:50-58 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, overwintering, diapause, California, Mexico]

Herman, W. S., Lessman, C. A., Johnson, G. D. 1981. Correlation of juvenile hormone titer changes with reproductive tract development in the posteclosion monarch butterfly. J. Exp. Zool., Philadelphia 218:387-395 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, juvenile hormone]

Herman, W. S., Peng, P. 1976. Juvenile hormone stimulation of sperm activator production in male monarch butterflies. Journal of Insect Physiology 22:579-581 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, juvenile hormone, sperm]

Hill, H. F., Wenner, A. M., Wells, P. H. 1976. Reproductive behavior in an overwintering aggregation of monarch butterflies. American Midland Naturalist 95:10-19

James, D. G. 1981. Studies on a winter breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Spencer, New South Wales. General and Applied Entomology (Sydney) 13:47-53

James, D. G. 1983. Induction of reproductive dormancy in Australian monarch butterflies. Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 31:491-498 [Keywords: physiology, behavior, reproduction, dormancy, weather, Australia]

James, D. G. 1984. Phenology of weight, moisture, and energy reserves of Australian monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus. Ecological Entomology 9:421-428 [Keywords: physiology, overwintering, reproduction, non-reproductive, weights, moisture, lipid, protein]

James, D. G. 1988. Migration and behavior of non-reproductive Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Australian Entomological Magazine 15:50-55

Jones, R. E. R., J. 1987. Reproductive seasonality in the tropical genus Eurema (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Biotropica (Lawrence) 19:7-16

Kingsolver, J. G. 1983. Ecological significance of flight activity in Colias butterflies: Implication for reproductive strategy and population structure. Ecol. 64:546-551

Kitching, R. L., Zalucki, M. P. 1983. A cautionary note on the use of oviposition records as larval food-plant records. Australian Entomological Magazine 10:64-66

Knowlton, N. 1979. Reproductive synchrony, parental investment and evolutionary dynamics of sexual selection. Animal Behaviour 27:1022-1033

Komae, H., Nishi, A., Hayashi, N., Wesou, C., Kuwahara, Y. 1983. Components of the sex brand secretions of some danaid butterflies. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 47:157-158

Lederhouse, R. C. 1981. The effect of female frequency on egg fertility in the black swallowtail, Papilio polyxenes asterius (Papilionidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 35:266-277

Leong, K. L. H. 1995. Initiation of mating activity at the tree canopy level among overwintering monarch butterflies in California. Pan-pacific entomologist 71:66-68 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, overwintering, California]

Leong, K. L. H., O'Brien, E., Colleran, M. 1995. Mating activity and status of overwintering monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in central California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88:45-50 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, reproduction, mating, spermatophore]

Mackay, D. A., Singer, M. C. 1982. The basis of an apparent preference for isolated host plants by ovipositing Euptychia libye butterflies. Ecological Entomology 7:299-303

Malcolm, S. B., Brower, L. P. 1986. Selective oviposition by monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in a mixed stand of Asclepias curassavica L. and A. incarnata L. in south Florida. J. Lepid. Soc. 40:255-263 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, oviposition, Asclepias, Florida, cardenolides]

Malcolm, S. B., Cockrell, B. J., Brower, L. P. 1987. Monarch butterfly voltinism: Effects of temperature constraints at different latitudes. Oikos (Copenhagen) 49:77-82 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, development]

Marshall, H. D. 1985. Protein and lipid composition of Colias philodice and C. eurytheme spermatophores and their changes over time (Pieridae). Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 24:21-30

Marshall, L. D. 1982. Male nutrient investment in the Lepidoptera: What nutrients should males invest? American Naturalist 120:273-279

Marshall, L. D. 1988. Small male advantage in mating in Parapediasia teterrella and Agriphila plumbifimbriella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). American Midland Naturalist 119:412-419

Miller, L. D., Clench, H. K. 1968. Some aspects of mating behavior in butterflies. J. Lepid. Soc. 22:125-132

Myers, J. 1972. Pheromones and courtship behaviour in butterflies. American Zoologist 12:545-551

Myers, J., Brower, L. P. 1969. A behavioural analysis of the courtship pheromone receptors of the queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice. Journal of Insect Physiology 15:2117-2130

Neck, R. W. 1976. Nocturnal activity of a Monarch butterfly (Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc, Cambridge, Mass. 30:235-236

Oberhauser, K. S. 1988. Male monarch butterfly spermatophore mass and mating strategies. Animal Behaviour 36:1384-1388 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, spermatophore]

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Troyer, H. L., Burks, C. S., Lee, R. E. 1996. Phenology of cold-hardiness in reproductive and migrant monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in southwest Ohio. Journal of Insect Physiology 42:633-642

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Zalucki, M. P. 1993. Sex around the milkweed patch: the significance of host plants in monarch reproduction. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 69-76. Science series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, sex ratio, population dynamics]

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Feeding

Ackery, P. R. 1988. Hostplants and classification: A review of nymphalid butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 33:95-203

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Kitching, R. L., Zalucki, M. P. 1983. A cautionary note on the use of oviposition records as larval food-plant records. Australian Entomological Magazine 10:64-66

Koch, L. E., Dell, B., Keighery, G. J. 1977. The Wanderer butterfly at Bunbury and other parts of the South-west, and a new foodplant. Western Australian Naturalist 13:183-184

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Lynch, S. P., Martin, R. A. 1993. Milkweed host plant utilization and cardenolide sequestration by monarch butterflies in Louisiana and Texas. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 107-123. Science Series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: behavior, feeding, host plant utilization, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, sequestration]

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Malcolm, S. B. 1994. Milkweeds, monarch butterflies and the ecological significance of cardenolides. Chemoecology (Stuttgart) 5/6:101-117 [Keywords: ecology, chemical defence, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides, aposematic coloration, plant-animal interactions]

Marian, M. P., Pandian, T. J. 1980. Effects of feeding senescent leaf of Calotropis gigantea on food utilization in the Monarch butterfly Danaus chrysippus. Entomon (India) 5:257-264

Mathavan, S., Bhaskaran, R. 1975. Food selection and utilization in a danaid butterfly. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 18:55-62

Mathavan, S., Muthukrishnan, J. 1976. Effects of ration levels and restriction of feeding durations on food utilization in Danaus chrysippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 19:155-162 [Keywords: feeding, growth, feeding rate compensation, assimilation, conversion]

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Mathavan, S., Pandian, T. J., Mary, M. J. 1976. Use of feeding rate as an indicator of caloric value in some lepidopterous larvae. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 24:91-94 [Keywords: behavior, feeding, temperature]

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Miller, J. R., Strickler, K. L. 1984. Finding and accepting host plants. In Chemical ecology of insects, eds. W. J. Bell and R. T. Carde, 127-157. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

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Neck, R. W. 1976. Lepidoptera foodplant records from Texas. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 15:75-82

Neck, R. W. 1976. Nocturnal activity of a Monarch butterfly (Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc, Cambridge, Mass. 30:235-236

Pliske, T. E. 1975. Attraction of Lepidoptera to plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Environmental Entomology 4:455-473

Pliske, T. E. 1975. Pollination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants by male lepidoptera. Environmental Entomology 4:474-479

Pliske, T. E., Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J. 1976. The chemical basis of attraction of Ithomiine butterflies to plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Chemical Ecology 2

Price, P. W., Wilson, M. F. 1979. Abundance of herbivores on six milkweed species in Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 101:76-86

Ramsay, G. W. 1964. Food of Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) (L.) larvae in New Zealand. Tuatara (Wellington) 12:154-155

Raubenheimer, D. 1987. Cyanogenesis and the feeding preference of Acraea horta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Acraeinae). University of Cape Town.

Robertson, C. 1887. Insect relations with certain Asclepiads. Botanical Gazette (Chicago) 12:207-216, 244-250, 1 pl.

Roeske, C. M., Seiber, J. N., Brower, L. P., Moffitt, C. M. 1976. Milkweed cardenolides and their comparative processing by monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.). Recent Advances in Phytochemistry 10:93-167

Rothschild, M. 1972. Some observations on the relationship between plants, toxic insects and birds. Ann. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. 8:1-12

Rothschild, M., Alpin, R. T., Cockrum, P. A., Edgar, J. A., Fairweather, P., Lees, R. 1979. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in arctiid moths with a discussion on host plant relationships and the role of these secondary plant substances in the Arctiidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 12:305-326

Rothschild, M., Gardiner, B., Mummery, R. 1978. Pupal colouration and diet. Antenna 2:15

Rothschild, M., Marsh, N. 1978. Some peculiar aspects of danaid/plant relationships. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24:637-650

Rothschild, M., Marsh, N., Gardiner, B. 1978. Cardioactive substances in the Monarch butterfly and Euploea core reared on leaf-free artificial diet. Nature (London) 275:649-650

Rothschild, M., Reichstein, T., Euw, J. V. 1973. Danaus chrysippus aegyptius and D. chrysippus alcipps reared on Asclepias curassavica. [Note of an exhibit]. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 37:37-38

Scheermeyer, E., Kitching, R. L., Jones, R. E. 1990. Host plants, temperature and seasonal effects on immature development and adult size of Euploea core corinna (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 37:299-308 [Keywords: ecology, host plants, temperature, physiology, development]

Scheermeyer, E., Zalucki, M. P. 1985. Food plant records of Euploea core corinna (W. S. Macleay) with some notes on larval colouration. Australian Entomological Magazine 11:87-90

Schneider, D. 1987. Plant recognition by insects: A challenge for neuroethological research. In Insect plants , ed. V. G. Labeyrie, G. Fabres, D. Lachaise. Vol. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. Amsterdam: W. Junk

Schoonhoven, L. M. 1973. Plant recognition by lepidopterous larvae. In Insect/plant relationships , ed. H. F. v. Emden. pp. 87-99. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Schroeder, L. A. 1976. Energy, matter and nitrogen utilization by the larvae of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus. Oikos (Copenhagen) 27:259-264 [Keywords: physiology, feeding, development, growth]

Schroeder, L. A. 1977. Energy, matter and nitrogen utilization by larvae of the milkweed tiger-moth, Euchaetias egle. Oikos, Kobenhavn 28:27-31

Scriber, J. M., Lederhouse, R. C. 1983. Temperature as a factor in the development and feeding ecology of tiger swallowtail caterpillars, Papilio glaucus (Lepidoptera). Oikos (Copenhagen) 40:95-102 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, feeding rate, temperature, development]

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Smithers, C. N. 1973. The food plants of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lep., Nymphalidae) in Australia. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 109:54-56

Strong, D. R., Lawton, J. H., Southwood, S. R. 1984. Insects on plants: Community patterns and mechanisms. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 313 pp.

Thompson, J. N., Price, P. W. 1977. Plant plasticity, phenology, and herbivore dispersion: Wild parsnip and the parsnip webworm. Ecology 58:1112-1119

Wagner, W. H., jr. 1973. An orchid attractant for monarch butterflies. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 27:192-196

Wiklund, C., Ahrberg, C. 1978. Host plants, nectar source plants, and habitat selection of males and females of Anthocharis cardamines (Lepidoptera). Oikos (Copenhagen) 31:169-183

Wilson, M. F., Bertin, R. I., Price, P. W. 1979. Nectar production and flower visitors of Asclepias verticillata. American Midland Naturalist 192:23-35

Wise, K. A. J. 1963. Food-plants of Monarch butterfly larvae. Tuatara (Wellington) 11:81-82

Young, A. M. 1981. On the evolutionary distance between asclepiadaceous-feeding danaida and apocynaceous-feeding ithomiids. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 18:251-254

Migration

Able, K. P., Able, M. A. 1990. Calibration of the magnetic compass of a migratory bird by celestial rotation. Nature (London) 347:378-380 [Keywords: migration behavior, orientation, magnetic compass, birds, vertebrates]

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Alonso-Mejia, A., Arellano-Guillermo, A., Brower, L. P. 1992. Influence of temperature, surface body moisture and height above ground on survival of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico. Biotropica (Lawrence) 24:415-419 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, thermoregulation]

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Baker, R. R. 1978. The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migration New York: Holmes and Meier

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Frey, D., Leong, K. L. H., Fredericks, D., Raskowitz, S. 1992. Clustering patterns of monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) at two California central coast overwintering sites. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85:148-153 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, clustering]

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Gibo, D. L. 1981. Some observations on soaring flight in the mourning cloak butterfly (Nymphalis antiopa L.) in southern Ontario. New York Entomological Society 89:98-101 [Keywords: behavior, flight, soaring]

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James, D. G. 1984. Migration and clustering phenology of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphaliadae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 23:199-204 [Keywords: ecology, behavior, migration, overwintering, temperature]

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MONARCH PHYSIOLOGY

General Physiology

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Martin, R. A., Lynch, S. P. 1988. Cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus L., and their larval host-plant milkweed, Asclepias asperula subsp. capricornu (Woods.) Woods., in north central Texas. Journal of Chemical Ecology 14:295-318 [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, cardenolide fingerprint]

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Vane-Wright, R. I. 1986. White monarchs. Antenna 10:117-118

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Vaughan, G. L., Jungreis, A. M. 1977. Insensitivity of lepidopteran tissues to ouabain: physiological mechanisms for protection against cardiac glycosides. Journal of Insect Physiology 23:585-589 [Keywords: foraging, physiology, chemical defense, secondary compounds, cardiac glycosides, ouabain]

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Wasserthal, L. T. 1984. Hemolymph flows in the wings of butterflies visualized by vital straining. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 83:45-49

Wensler, R. J. 1977. The ultrastructure of the indirect flight muscles of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) with implications for fuel utilization. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 58:157-167

Wink, M., Schneider, D. 1988. Carrier-mediated uptake of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in larvae of the aposematic and alkaloid-exploiting moth Creatonotos. Naturwissenschaften (Berlin) 75:524-525 [Keywords: chemical defense, physiology, cardiac glycosides, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, sequestration, storage]

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Yearly Diapause Cycle

Beall, G. 1948. The fat content of a butterfly, Danaus plexippus Lin., as affected by migration. Ecology 29:80-94

Hayes, J. L. 1982. A study of the relationships of diapause phenomena and other life history characters in temperate butterflies. American Naturalist 120:160-170

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Sims, S. R. 1984. Reproductive diapause in Speyeria (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 23:211-216

Tauber, M. J. T., C. A. 1976. Insect seasonality: Diapause maintenance, termination and postdiapause development. Annual Review of Entomology. 81-107

Thermoregulation

Bartholomew, G. A. 1981. A matter of size: An examination of endothermy in insects and terrestrial vertebrates. In Insect themoregulation, ed. B. Heinrich, 45-78, New York: Wiley.

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Capinera, J. L., Wiener, L. F., Anamosa, P. R. 1980. Behavioral themoregulation by late instar range caterpillar larvae Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 53:631-638

Casey, T. M. 1976. Activity patterns, body temperature, and thermal ecology in two desert caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Ecology 52:485-497

Casey, T. M. 1981. Behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation. In Insect thermoregulation, ed. B. Heinrich, 79-114, New York: Wiley.

Casey, T. M., Joos, B. A. 1983. Morphometrics, conductance, thoracic temperature, and flight energetics of noctuid and geometrid moths. Physiological Zoology 56:160-173

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DeVries, A. L. 1983. Biological antifreeze agents. Annual Review of Physiology 25:805-810

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Duman, J. G., Horwath, K. 1983. The role of hemolymph proteins in the cold tolerance of insects. Annual Review of Physiology 45

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Heinrich, B. 1972. Thoracic temperatures of butterflies in the field near the equator. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 43:459-467

Heinrich, B. 1974. Thermoregulation in endothermic insects. Science (Washington) 185:747-756

Heinrich, B. 1981. Insect thermoregulation. New York: Wiley

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James, D. G. 1986. Thermoregulation in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Two cool climate adaptations. General and Applied Entomology (Sydney) 18:43-47 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, thermoregulation, basking, melanic larvae, overwintering]

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Kammer, A. E. 1971. Influence of acclimation temperature on the shivering behaviour of the butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.). Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie (Berlin) 72:364-369

Kammer, A. E. 1981. Physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation. In Insect thermoregulation, ed. B. Heinrich, 115-158. New York: Wiley.

Kammer, A. E., Bracci, J. 1973. Role of the wings in the absorption of radiant energy by a butterfly. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 45A:1057-1064

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Kingsolver, J. G. 1985. Butterfly thermoregulation: Organismic mechanisms and population consequences. J. Lepid. Soc. 24:1-20

Kingsolver, J. G., Watt, W. B. 1983. Thermoregulatory strategies in Colias butterflies: Thermal stress and the limits to adaptation in temproally varying environments. American Naturalist 121:32-55

Knight, J. D., Bale, J. S., Franks, F., Mathias, S. F., Baust, J. G. 1986. Insect cold hardiness: Supercooling points and pre-freeze mortality. Cryo Letters (Cambridge) 7:194-203

Larsen, K. J., Lee, R. E., Jr. 1994. Cold tolerance including rapid cold-hardening and inoculative freezing of fall migrant monarch butterflies in Ohio. Journal of Insect Physiology 40:859-864 [Keywords: ecology, physiology, temperature, freezing, acclimation]

Lessman, C. A. 1979. Enhancement of juvenile hormone degradation by flight and heat in adult Monarchs. American Zoologist 19:915

Masters, A. R. 1985. The influence of temperature on the overwintering biology of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). M.S. thesis, Gainesville: Univ. of FL.

Masters, A. R., Malcolm, S. B., Brower, L. P. 1988. Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) thermoregulatory behavior and adaptations for overwintering in Mexico. Ecology 69:458-467 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, physiology, thermoregulation, shivering, basking]

May, M. L. 1979. Insect thermoregulation. Annual Review of Entomology 24:313-349

May, M. L. 1984. Thermoregulation. In Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. Vol. 4, eds. G. A. Kerbut and L. I. Gilbert, 507-552. New York: Pergamon.

Porter, K. 1982. Basking behaviour in larvae of the butterfly Euphydryas aurinia. Oikos (Copenhagen) 38:308-312

Rawlins, J. E. 1980. Thermoregulation by the black swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Ecology 61:345-357

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Seymour, R. S. 1974. Convective and evaporative cooling in sawfly larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:2447-2457

Shelly, T. E., Ludwig, D. 1985. Thermoregulatory behavior of the butterfly Calisto nubila (Satyridae) in a Puerto Rican forest. Oikos (Copenhagen) 44:229-233

Smith, D. A. S. 1975. The significance of aggregations in Danaid butterflies. Bulletin, East African Natural History Society, Nairobi 1975:72-73

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Somme, L. 1982. Supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 73A:519-543

Troyer, H. L., Burks, C. S., Lee, R. E. 1996. Phenology of cold-hardiness in reproductive and migrant monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in southwest Ohio. Journal of Insect Physiology 42:633-642

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Senses

Bernays, E. A., Chapman, R. F. 1977. Deterrent chemicals as a basis of oligophagy in Locusta migratoria (L.). Ecological Entomology 2:1-18

Bogner, F., Boppre, M. 1985. A special olfactory receptor for alkaloid perception in adult Lepidoptera. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft (Stuttgart) 78:281

Boppre, M. 1978. Chemical communication, plant relationships and mimicry in the evolution of Danaid butteflies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24:64-77

Boppre, M. 1984. Chemically mediated interactions between butterflies. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 11:259-275

Boppre, M., Fecher, K. 1977. Structural complexity of scent organs of male Danaid butterflies. Scanning Electron Microscopy (Chicago) 2:630, 639-644

Dethier, V. G. 1973. Electrophysiological studies of gustation in lepidopterous larvae. II. Taste spectra in relation to foodplant discrimination. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 82:103-134

Dethier, V. G. 1975. The Monarch revisited. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 48:129-140

Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J., Robinson, G. S. 1973. Hairpencil dihydropyrrolizines of Danainae from the New Hebrides. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 12:144-150

Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J., Smith, L. W. 1971. Dihydropyrrolizine derivatives in the hair pencil secretions of Danaid butterflies. Experientia (Basel) 27:761-762 [Keywords: chemical communication, hairpencil, biochemistry, PA]

Eguchi, E., Watanabe, K., Hariyama, I., Yamamoto, K. 1982. A comparison of electrophysiologically determined spectral responses in 35 species of Lepidoptera. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:675-682

Eltringham, H. 1915. Further observations on the structure of the scent organs of certain male danaine butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1915:152-1786, pls. 11-20

Fox, R. M. 1967. Forelegs of butterflies 1. Introduction: Chemoreception. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 5:1-12

Frings, H., Frings, M. 1949. The loci of contact chemoreceptors in insects: a review with new evidence. American Midland Naturalist 41:602-658

Hanson, F. E. 1983. The behavioral and neurophysiological basis of food plant selection by lepidopterous larvae. In Herbivorous insects, ed. S. Ahmad, 3-23. New York: Academic Press.

Harborne, J. B. 1982. Introduction to ecological biochemistry, 2nd. ed. London: Academic Press. xvi + 278 pp.

Harborne, J. B. e. 1972. Phytochemical ecology. N. Y. & Lond.: Acad. Press

Hausman, S. A. 1951. The scent producing organ of the Monarch butterfly. American Naturalist 85:389-391 [Keywords: anatomy, chemical communication]

James, D. G., Hales, D. F. 1983. Sensitivity to juvenile hormone is not reduced in clustering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, in Australia. Physiological Entomology (Oxford) 8:273-276

Myers, J. 1969. Distribution of foodplant chemoreceptors on the female Florida queen butterfly. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 23:196-198

Myers, J., Brower, L. P. 1969. A behavioural analysis of the courtship pheromone receptors of the queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice. Journal of Insect Physiology 15:2117-2130

Myers, J. H. 1968. The structure of the antennae of the Florida Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer). Journal of Morphology 125:315-328

Myers, J. H., Walter, M. 1970. Olfaction in the Florida Queen butterfly: honey odor receptors. Journal of Insect Physiology 16:573-578

Schneider, D. 1971. Specialised odor receptors of insects. In Ohloff, G. & Thomas, A. F., Gustation and olfaction: 45-60. London & New York.

Schneider, D. 1975. Chemical communication in danaid butterflies. In Denton, D. A. & Coghlan, J. D., Olfaction and taste 5: 327-328. New York & London.

Schneider, D. 1975. Pheromone communication in moths and butterflies. In Sensory physiology and behavior , ed. R. Galun, P. Hillman, I. Parnas, R. Werman. pp. 173-193. New York: Plenum Press

Schoonhoven, L. M. 1973. Plant recognition by lepidopterous larvae. In Insect/plant relationships, ed. H. F. v. Emden. pp. 87-99. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Swihart, S. L. 1974. Acceptance angles of butterfly ommatidia. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:1027-1036 [Keywords: physiology, vision]

Swihart, S. L., Gordon, W. C., Machwart, R. J. 1974. Reflections on the eyes of butterflies. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:359-381

Swihart, S. L., Schumperli, R. 1974. Visual fields of butterfly interneurons. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:1529-1536

Urquhart, F. A. 1958. Scent receptors in Lepidoptera. Contrib., Div. Zool. & Paleo., Roy. Ontario Mus., Toronto 49:16

Hormonal and Molting Cycles

Barker, J. F. 1976. On the neurendocrinology of reproduction and migration in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. . St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.

Bellas, T. E., Brownlee, R. G., Silverstein, R. M. 1974. Isolation, tentative identification, and synthesis studies of the volatile components of the hairpencil secretion of the monarch butterfly. Tetrahedron Letters 30:2267-2271 [Keywords: biochemistry, chemical communication, hairpencil secretions]

Boppre, M. 1976. Pheromon-Transfer-Partikel auf einem Duftpinselhaar eines Monarchfalters (Danaus formosa). Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau (Stuttgart) 29:[caption to frontispiece].

Boppre, M. 1979. Untersuchungen zur Pheromonbiologie bei Monarchfaltern (Danaidae). Dissertation der Fakultat fur Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen. 121

Dallmann, S. H., Herman, W. S. 1977. Evidence for an adipokinetic hormone in the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. American Zoologist 17:928 [Keywords: physiology, endocrinology]

Dallmann, S. H., Herman, W. S. 1978. Hormonal regulation of haemolymph lipid concentration in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 36:142-150

Dallmann, S. H., Herman, W. S., Carlsen, J., Josefsson, L. 1981. Adipokinetic activity of shrimp and locust peptide hormones in butterflies. General and Comparative Endocrinology 43:256-258

Dores, R. M., Dallmann, S. H., Herman, W. S. 1979. The regulation of post-eclosion and post-feeding diuresis in the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Journal of Insect Physiology 25:895-901

Edgar, J. A., Cockrum, P. A., Frahn, J. L. 1976. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Danaus plexippus L. and Danaus chrysippus L. Experientia (Basel) 32:1535-1537 [Keywords: PA, pheromones, hairpencils, defense]

Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J., Robinson, G. S. 1973. Hairpencil dihydropyrrolizines of Danainae from the New Hebrides. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 12:144-150

Engelmann, F. 1983. Vitellogenesis controlled by juvenile hormone. In Endocrinology of insects, eds. G. H. Downer and H. Laufer, 259-270. New York: Alan R. Liss.

Herman, W. S. 1973. The endocrine basis of reproductive inactivity in monarch butterflies overwintering in central California. Journal of Insect Physiology 19:1883-1887

Herman, W. S. 1975. Endocrine regulation of posteclosion enlargement of the male and female reproductive glands in monarch butterflies. General and Comparative Endocrinology 26:534-540

Herman, W. S. 1975. Juvenile hormone stimulation of tubular and accessory glands in male monarch butterflies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 51:507-510

Herman, W. S. 1982. Endocrine regulation of the bursa copulatrix and receptacle gland of Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera:Danaidae). Experientia (Basel) 38:631-632

Herman, W. S., Barker, J. F. 1971. Reproductive endocrinology of Danaus plexippus. American Zoologist 11:645

Herman, W. S., Barker, J. F. 1977. Effect of mating on monarch butterfly oogenesis. Experientia (Basel) 33:688-689 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, mating, juvenile hormone]

Herman, W. S., Dallmann, S. H. 1981. Endocrine biology of the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui. Journal of Insect Physiology 27:163-168

Herman, W. S., Dallmann, S. H., Dores, R. M. 1977. Evidence for a diuretic hormone in the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. American Zoologist 17:928

James, D. G., Hales, D. F. 1983. Sensitivity to juvenile hormone is not reduced in clustering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, in Australia. Physiological Entomology (Oxford) 8:273-276

Johnson, G. C. D. 1979. The accessory reproductive glands of the male monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus: Their development, fine structure, and biochemistry. Ph.D. thesis, St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.

Komae, H., Nishi, A., Tanaka, T., Hyashi, N., Wesou, C., Kuwahara, Y. 1982. Major components in the hairpencil secretions of danaid butterflies from Far East Asia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Oxford) 10:181-183

Lessman, C. A. 1979. The biology of juvenile hormone in the adult monarch (Danaus p. plexippus: Lepidoptera). Ph.D. thesis, St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.

Lessman, C. A. 1979. Enhancement of juvenile hormone degradation by flight and heat in adult Monarchs. American Zoologist 19:915

Lessman, C. A. 1980. Biology of hemolymph juvenile hormone in Danaus plexippus. Ph.D. thesis. University of Minnesota

Lessman, C. A. 1980. Biology of juvenile hormone in the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. [Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Minnesota.]

Lessman, C. A., Herman, W. S. 1981. Flight enhances juvenile hormone inactivation in Danaus plexippus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Experientia (Basel) 37:599-601

Lessman, C. A., Herman, W. S. 1983. Seasonal variation in hemolymph juvenile hormone of adult monarchs (Danaus p. plexippus: Lepidoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61:88-94

Lessman, C. A., Herman, W. S., Schooley, D. A. 1989. Detection of juvenile hormone I, II and III in adult monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). Insect Biochemistry (Oxford) 19:431-

Meinwald, J., Boriak, C. J., Schneider, D., Boppre, M., Wood, W. F., Eisner, T. 1974. Volatile ketones in the hairpencil secretion of Danaid butterflies (Amauris and Danaus). Experientia (Basel) 30:721-722

Meinwald, J., Chalmers, a. M., Pliske, T. E., Eisner, T. 1968. Pheromones III. Identification of trans, trans-10-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethyl-2, 6-decadienoic acid as a major component in "hairpencil" secretions of the male monarch butterfly. Tetrahedron Letters 1968:4893-4896

Meinwald, J., Chalmers, A. M., Pliske, T. E., Eisner, T. 1969. Identification and synthesis of trans, trans-3, 7-Dimethyl-2, 6-decadien-1, 10-dioic acid, a component of the pheromonal secretion of the male monarch butterfly. Chem. Communs. (London) 3:86-87

Meinwald, J., Meinwald, Y. C. 1966. Structure and synthesis of the major component in the hair-pencil secretion of a male butterfly, Lycorea ceres ceres (Cramer). Journal of the American Chemical Society 88:1305-1310

Meinwald, J., Meinwald, Y. C., Mazzochi, P. H. 1969. Sex pheromone of the Queen butterfly: Chemistry. Science (Washington) 164:1174-1175

Meinwald, J., Meinwald, Y. C., Wheeler, J. W., Eisner, T., Brower, L. P. 1966. Major components in the exocrine secretion of a male butterfly (Lycorea). Science (Washington) 151:583-585

Meinwald, J., Thompson, W. R., Eisner, T., Owen, D. F. 1971. Pheromones VII. African monarch: major components of the hairpencil secretion. Tetrahedron Letters 1971:3485-3488

Miles, H., Loew, P., Johnson, W. S., Kluge, A. F., Meinwald, J. 1972. A short steroselective synthesis of some terpenes from the pheromonal secretion of the queen and monarch butterflies. Tetrahedron Letters 1972:3019-3022

Myers, J. 1972. Pheromones and courtship behaviour in butterflies. American Zoologist 12:545-551

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Pan, M. L. 1979. Juvenile hormone, ecdysterone and vitellogenin production in the Monarch butterfly. Amer. Zool., Utica, N. Y. 19:916 [Keywords: abstract, physiology, reproduction]

Pan, M. L., Wyatt, G. R. 1971. Juvenile hormone induces vitellogenin synthesis in the Monarch butterfly. Science (Washington) 174:503-505 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, juvenile hormone]

Pan, M. L., Wyatt, G. R. 1971. Yolk protein synthesis and its hormonal control in the Monarch butterfly. American Zoologist 11:680 [Keywords: abstract, physiology, endocrinology, reproduction]

Pan, M. L., Wyatt, G. R. 1976. Control of vitellogenin synthesis in the monarch butterfly by juvenile hormone. Developmental Biology 54:127-134 [Keywords: physiology, yolk formation, juvenile hormone]

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Pliske, T. E., Eisner, T. 1969. Sex pheromone of the Queen butterfly: biology. Science (Washington) 164:1170-1172

Pliske, T. E., Salpeter, M. M. 1971. The structure and development of the hairpencil glands in males of the Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice. Journal of Morphology 134:215-242

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Schulz, S., Francke, W., Boppre, M. 1988. Carboxylic acids from hairpencils of Amauris butterflies (Lep.: Danainae). Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 369:633-638

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Shukla, R. N. 1976. Haemolymph proteins in relation to growth, molting and reproduction in Danais chrysippus Linn. Biochimica e Biologia Sperimentale (Milan) 12:333-339

Flight

Bartholomew, G. A., Epting, R. J. 1975. Allometry of postflight cooling rates in moths: A comparison with vertebrate homeotherms. Journal of Experimental Biology 63:603-613

Bartholomew, G. A. H., B. 1973. A field study of flight temperatures in moths in relation to body weight and wing loading. Journal of Experimental Biology 58:123-135

Casey, T. M., Joos, B. A. 1983. Morphometrics, conductance, thoracic temperature, and flight energetics of noctuid and geometrid moths. Physiological Zoology 56:160-173

George, J. C., Bhakthan, N. M. C. 1960. A study on the fibre diameter and certain enzyme concentrations in the flight muscles of some butterflies. Journal of Experimental Biology 37:308-315, 2 pls.

Heath, J. E., Adams, P. A. 1965. Temperature regulation in the sphinx moth during flight. Nature (London) 205:309-310

Heath, J. E., Heath, M. S. 1982. Energetics of locomotion in endothermic insects. Annual Review of Physiology 44:133-143

Hughes, J. M., Zalucki, M. P., Carter, P. A. 1992. Consistent differences among individual monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in flight activity at low temperatures. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 47:217-231 [Keywords: behavior, flight, temperature, mark-recapture]

Kammer, A. E. 1968. Motor patterns during flight and warm-up in Lepidoptera. Journal of Experimental Biology 48:89-109

Kammer, A. E. 1970. Thoracic temperature, shivering and flight in the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.). Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie (Berlin) 68:334-344

Kammer, A. E. 1971. Influence of acclimation temperature on the shivering behaviour of the butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.). Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie (Berlin) 72:364-369

Kingsolver, J. C., Koehl, M. A. R. 1985. Aerodynamics, thermoregulation, and evolution of insect wings: Differential scaling and evolutionary change. Evolution 39:448-504 [Keywords: flight]

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Lessman, C. A. 1979. Enhancement of juvenile hormone degradation by flight and heat in adult Monarchs. American Zoologist 19:915

Lessman, C. A., Herman, W. S. 1981. Flight enhances juvenile hormone inactivation in Danaus plexippus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Experientia (Basel) 37:599-601

Yamamoto, M. 1983. Relationship between sex ratio and flight activity on two related butterflies, Pieris rapae crucivora and P. napi nesis (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Kontyu (Tokyo) 51:528-533

Zalucki, M. P., Kitching, R. L. 1982. The analysis and description of movement in adult Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Behaviour (Leiden) 80:174-198

Zalucki, M. P., Kitching, R. L., Abel, D., Pearson, J. 1980. A novel device for tracking butterflies in the field. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 73:262-265

MONARCH BIOCHEMISTRY

Defense

Aplin, R. T., Rothschild, M. 1972. Poisonous alkaloids in the body tissues of the garden tiger moth (Arctia caja L.) and the cinnabar moth (Tyria(=Callimorpha) jacobeae L.) (Lep.). In Toxins of animal and plant origin, eds. A. deVries and E. Kochuapp, 579-595. London: Gordon and Breach.

Benson, J. M., Seiber, J. N. 1978. High-speed liquid chromatography of cardiac glycosides in milkweed plants and monarch butterflies. Journal of Chromatography (Amsterdam & London) 148:521-527

Boppre, M. 1986. Insects pharmacophagously utilizing defensive plant chemicals (pyrrolizidine alkaloids). Naturwissenschaften (Berlin) 73:17-26 [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycoside, secondary plant compounds]

Boppre, M. 1990. Lepidoptera and pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Exemplification of complexity in chemical ecology. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16:165-185 [Keywords: physiology, chemical defense, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs, secondary compounds]

Bowers, M. D. 1980. Unpalatability as a defense strategy of Euphydryas phaeton. Evolution 34:586-600

Bowers, M. D. 1981. Unpalatability as a defense strategy of western checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas). Evolution 35:367-375

Brower, J. V. Z. 1963. Experimental studies and new evidence on the evolution of mimicry in butterflies. Proceedings of the International Congress of Zoology (Washington) 4:156-161

Brower, L. P. 1968. Automimicry, an extension of mimicry theory. American Zoologist 8:475

Brower, L. P. 1969. Ecological chemistry. Scientific American (New York) 220:22-29 [Keywords: ecology, defense, secondary compounds, cardenolides, Asclepias, see Slansky]

Brower, L. P. 1972. Ecological chemistry of the palatability-cardiac glycoside spectrum in Monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, and Asclepias milkweeds. American Zoologist 12:712-713

Brower, L. P. 1984. Chemical defence in butterflies. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 11:109-134

Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z. 1964. Birds, butterflies and plant poisons: a study in ecological chemistry. Zool. (New York) 49:137-159

Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z., Corvino, J. M. 1967. Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 57:893-898

Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z., Stiles, F. G., Croze, H. J., Hower, A. S. 1964. Mimicry:differential advantage of colour patterns in the natural environment. Science (Washington) 144:183-185

Brower, L. P., Edmunds, M., Moffitt, C. M. 1975. Cardenolide content and palatability of a population of Danaus chrysippus butterflies from West Africa. Journal of Entomology A 49:183-196

Brower, L. P., Gibson, D. O., Moffitt, C. M., Panchen, A. L. 1978. Cardenolide content of Danaus chrysippus butterflies from three areas of East Africa. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 10:251-273

Brower, L. P., Glazier, S. C. 1975. Localization of heart poisons in the monarch butterfly. Science (Washington) 188:19-25

Brower, L. P., McEvoy, P. B., Williamson, K. L., Flannery, M. A. 1972. Variation in cardiac glycoside content of monarch butterflies from natural populations in eastern North America. Science (Washington) 177:426-429 [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, sex differences]

Brower, L. P., Moffitt, C. M. 1974. Palatability dynamics of cardenolides in the monarch butterfly. Nature (London) 249:280-283

Brower, L. P., Ryerson, W. N., Coppinger, L. L., Glazier, S. C. 1968. Ecological chemistry and the palatability spectrum. Science (Washington) 161:1349-1350

Brower, L. P., Seiber, J. N., Nelson, C. J., Lynch, S. P., Hoggard, M. P., Cohen, J. A. 1984. Plant determined variation in cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus reared on milkweed plants in California: 3. Asclepias californica. Journal of Chemical Ecology 10:1823-1857 [Keywords: physiology, chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolide fingerprint]

Brower, L. P., Seiber, J. N., Nelson, C. J., Lynch, S. P., Holland, M. M. 1984. Plant determined variation in the cardenolide content, thin-layer chromatography profiles, and emetic potency of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus L. reared on milkweed plants in California: 2. Asclepias speciosa. Journal of Chemical Ecology 10:601-639 [Keywords: physiology, chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolide fingerprint]

Brower, L. P., Seiber, J. N., Nelson, C. J., Lynch, S. P., Tuskes, P. M. 1982. Plant determined variation in the cardenolide content, thin layer chromatography profiles, and emetic potency of Monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, reared on the milkweed, Asclepias eriocarpa, in California. Journal of Chemical Ecology 8:579-633 [Keywords: physiology, chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolide fingerprint]

Brower, L. P., Williamson, K. L., Flannery, M. A., Uman, H. M. 1970. A quantitative assay for cardiac glycosides in the monarch butterfly and its milkweed foodplants. American Zoologist 10:540

Brower, L. P. F., L. S. 1985. A natural toxic defense system: Cardenolides in butterflies versus birds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 443:171-186

Brown, K. S. 1984. Adult-obtained pyrrolizidine alkaloids defend ithmoniine butterflies against a spider predator. Nature (London) 309:707-709

Brown, K. S., Jr. 1985. Chemical ecology of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids in adult Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Revista Brasiliera de Biologia 44:435-460

Bull, L. B., Culvenor, C. C. J., Dick, A. T. 1968. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids, their chemistry, pathogenicity and other biological properties. Frontiers of Biology 9: xvi + 293

Cheeke, P. R. P.-G., M. L. 1983. Toxicity of Senecio jacobaea and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various laboratory animals and avian species. Toxicology Letters (Amsterdam) 18:343-349

Cheung, H. T. A., Nelson, C. J., Watson, T. R. 1988. New glucoside conjugates and other cardenolide glycosides from the monarch butterfly reared on Asclepias fruticosa L. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I:1851-1857

Coppinger, R. P. 1970. The effect of experience and novelty on avian feeding behavior with reference to the evolution of warning coloration in butterflies. II. Reactions of naive birds to novel insects. American Naturalist 104:323-335

Cott, H. B. 1940. Adaptive coloration in animals 508 pp. London.

Duffey, S. S. 1970. Cardiac glycosides and distastefulness: some observations on the palatability spectrum of butterflies. Science (Washington) 169:78-79

Duffey, S. S., Blum, M. S., Isman, M. B., Scudder, G. G. E. 1978. Cardiac glycosides: A physical system for their sequestration by the milkweed bug. Journal of Insect Physiology 24:639-645

Duffey, S. S., Scudder, G. G. F. 1972. Cardiac glycosides in North American Asclepiadaceae, a basis for unpalatability in brightly coloured Hemiptera and Coleoptera. Journal of Insect Physiology 18:63-78

Dussourd, D. E., Ubik, K., Resch, J. F., Meinwald, J., Eisner, T. 1984. Egg protection by parental investment of plant alkaloids in Lepidoptera. XVII Internt'l. Congr. Ent., Hamburg:840

Edgar, J. A., Boppre, M., Schneider, D. 1979. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid storage in African and Australian danaid butterflies. Experientia (Basel) 35:1447-1448

Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J. 1974. Pyrrolizidine ester alkaloid in Danaid butterflies. Nature (London) 248:614-616

Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J. 1975. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Parsonsia species (family Apocynaceae) which attract Danaid butterflies. Experientia (Basel) 31:393-394

Edmunds, M. 1974. Defence in animals: a survey of anti-preclator defences. xvii + 357 pp. Harlow.

Eisner, T. 1980. Chemistry, defense, and survival: Case studies and selected topics. In Insect biology in the future , ed. M. Locke, D. S. Smith. pp. 847-878. New York: Academic Press

Feltwell, J., Rothschild, M. 1974. Carotenoids in thirty-eight species of Lepidoptera. J. Zool., Lond. 174:441-465

Ferm, B. 1977. A comparative study of cardiac glycoside sequestering by Danaus plexippus and Danaus chrysippus. Senior honors thesis. Amherst, MA: Amherst Coll. 64

Fink, L. S. 1980. Bird predation on overwintering monarch butterflies. Honors thesis. Amherst, MA. Amherst College

Fink, L. S., Brower, L. P. 1981. Birds can overcome the cardenolide defence of Monarch butterflies in Mexico. Nature (London) 291:67-70 [Keywords: defense, cardenolides, bird predation, Mexico]

Gibson, D. O. 1984. How is automimicry maintained? Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 11:163-165

Glendinning, J. I. 1989. Comparative responses of five sympatric species of mice to overwintering colonies of monarch butterflies. University of Florida

Glendinning, J. I. 1990. Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. II. Taste tests using intact monarchs. Chemoecology (Stuttgart) 1:124-

Gould, F. 1988. Genetics of pairwise and multispecies plant-herbivore coevolution. In Chemical mediation of coevolution , ed. K. C. Spencer. pp. 13-55. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers [Keywords: behavior, physiology, chemical defense, plant-animal interactions]

Groeneveld, H. W., Steijl, H., van den Berg, B., Elings, J. C. 1990. Rapid, quantitative HPLC analysis of Asclepias fruticosa L. and Danaus plexippus L. cardenolides. Journal of chemical ecology 16:3373-3382 [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, milkweed, sequestration]

Guilford, T., Nicol, C., Rothschild, M., Moore, B. P. 1987. The biological roles of pyrazines: Evidence for a warning odour function. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 32:113-128

Harborne, J. B. 1982. Introduction to ecological biochemistry, 2nd. ed. London: Academic Press. xvi + 278 pp.

Harborne, J. B. e. 1972. Phytochemical ecology. N. Y. & Lond.: Acad. Press

Huheey, J. E. 1984. Warning coloration and mimicry. In Chemical ecology of insects, eds. W. J. Bell and R. T. Carde, 257-297. London and New York: Chapman and Hall, 524 pp.

Jeffords, M. R., Sternburg, J. G., Waldbauer, G. P. 1979. Batesian mimicry: field demonstration of the survival value of pipevine swallowtail and monarch colour patterns. Evolution 33:275-286

Jones, F. M. 1932. Insect coloration and the relative acceptability of insects to birds. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 80:345-386

Jones, F. M. 1934. Further experiments on coloration and relative acceptability of insects to birds. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 82:443-453

Kay, D., Rothschild, M., Aplin, R. 1969. Particles present in the haemolymph and defensive secretions of insects. Journal of Cell Science 4:369-379

Kelley, R. B., Seiber, J. N., Jones, A. D., Segall, H. J., Brower, L. P. 1987. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) from Mexico. Experientia (Basel) 43:943-946

Lynch, S. P., Martin, R. A. 1987. Cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus L., and their larval host-plant milkweed, Asclepias viridis Walt., in northwestern Louisiana. Journal of Chemical Ecology 13:47-69 [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, cardenolide fingerprint]

Malcolm, S. B. 1990. Chemical defence in chewing and sucking insect herbivores: plant-derived cardenolides in the monarch butterfly and oleander aphid. Chemoecology (Stuttgart) 1:12-

Malcolm, S. B. 1990. Mimicry: Status of a classical evolutionary paradigm. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5:57-62 [Keywords: chemical defense, mimicry]

Malcolm, S. B., Cockrell, B. J., Brower, L. P. 1989. The cardenolide fingerprint of monarch butterflies reared on the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15:819-853 [Keywords: chemical defence, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, cardenolide fingerprint]

Marsh, N. A., Rothschild, M. 1974. Aposematic and cryptic lepidoptea tested on the mouse. J. Zool., Lond. 174:89-122

Mayer, A. G. 1897. On the color and color-patterns of moths and butterflies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 30:169-256, 10 pls.

McCann, C. 1953. Aposematic insects and their food plants. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51:752-754

Moore, L. V., Scudder, G. G. E. 1985. Selective sequestration of milkweed (Asclepias spp.) cardenolides in Oncopeltus fasciatus. Journal of Insect Physiology 1:27-33

Nahrstedt, A., Davis, R. H. 1981. The occurrence of cyanoglucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin, in Acraea and Heliconius butterflies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 68B:575-577

Nahrstedt, A., Davis, R. H. 1983. Occurence, variation and biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin in species of the Heliconiini. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 75B:65-73

Nelson, C. J. 1988. Milkweeds, monarchs and cardenolide glycosides, a study in three parts. . pp. 320. Sydney: University of Sydney

Nishio, S. 1980. The fates and adaptive significance of cardenolides sequestered by larvae of Danaus plexippus (L.) and Cycnia inopinatus (Hy. Edwards). Ph.D. dissertation. Athens: University of Georgia.

Nishio, S., Blum, M. S., Takahashi, S. 1983. Intraplant distribution of cardenolides in Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae), with additional notes on their fates in Tetraopes melanurus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Rhyssomatus lineaticollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Kyoto University 122:43-52

Owen, D. F. 1970. Mimetic polymorphism and the palatability spectrum. Oikos 21:333-336

Parsons, J. A. 1965. A digitalis-like toxin in the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. J. Physiol., Lond. 178:290-304

Pasteels, J. M., Gregoire, J.-C., Rowell-Rahier, M. 1983. The chemical ecology of defense in arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 28:263-289

Pasteels, J. M., Rowell-Rahier, M., Braekman, J. C., Dupont, A. 1983. Salicin from host plant as precursor of salicylaldehyde in defensive secretion of chrysomeline larvae. Physiological Entomology (Oxford) 8:307-314

Petersen, B. 1964. Monarch butterflies are eaten by birds. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 18:165-169

Platt, A. P., Coppinger, R. P., Brower, L. P. 1969. Demonstration of the mimetic advantage of edible butterflies presented to caged avian predators. Amer. Zool., Utica, N. Y. 9:1062

Platt, A. P., Coppinger, R. P., Brower, L. P. 1971. Demonstration of the selective advantage of mimetic Limenitis butterflies presented to caged avian predators. Evolution 25:692-701

Pliske, T. E. 1975. Attraction of Lepidoptera to plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Environmental Entomology 4:455-473

Pliske, T. E., Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J. 1976. The chemical basis of attraction of Ithomiine butterflies to plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Chemical Ecology 2

Pough, F. H., Brower, L. P., Meck, H. R., Kessell, S. R. 1973. Theoretical investigations of automimicry: Multiple trial learning and the palatability spectrum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 70:2261-2265

Reichstein, T., Euw, J. V., Parsons, J. A., Rothschilde, M. 1968. Heart poisons in the Monach butterfly. Science (Washington) 161:861-866

Ritland, D. B. In press a. Unpalatability of viceroy butterflies (Limenitis archippus) and their purported mimicry models, Florida queens (Danaus gilippus).

Ritland, D. B., Brower, L. P. 1991. The viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic. Nature (London) 350:497-498 [Keywords: chemical defense, mimicry]

Robertson, C. 1887. Insect relations with certain Asclepiads. Botanical Gazette (Chicago) 12:207-216, 244-250, 1 pl.

Rothschild, M. 1972. Colour and poisons in insect protection. New Scientist (London) 54:318-320

Rothschild, M. 1972. Secondary plant substances and warning colouration in insects. In Insect/plant relationships, ed. H. F. van Emden. pp. 59-83. Oxford:

Rothschild, M. 1972. Some observations on the relationship between plants, toxic insects and birds. Ann. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. 8:1-12

Rothschild, M. 1979. Mimicry, butterflies and plants. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalinses (Uppsala) 22:82-99

Rothschild, M., Edgar, J. A. 1978. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vulgaris sequestered and stored by Danaus plexippus. J. Zool., Lond. 186:347-349

Rothschild, M., Euw, J. V., Reichstein, T. 1972. Aristolochic acids stored by Zerynthia polyxena (Lepidoptera). Insect Biochemistry (Oxford) 2:234-243

Rothschild, M., Euw, J. V., Reichstein, T., Smith, D. A. S., Pierre, J. 1975. Cardenolide storage in Danaus chrysippus (L.) with additional notes of D. plexippus (L.). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 190:1-31

Rothschild, M., Ford, B. 1970. Heart poisons and the Monarch. Natural History 79:36-37

Rothschild, M., Kellet, D. N. 1972. Reactions of various predators to insects storing heart poisons (cardiac glycosides) in their tissues. Journal of Entomology A 46:103-110

Rothschild, M., Marsh, N., Gardiner, B. 1978. Cardioactive substances in the Monarch butterfly and Euploea core reared on leaf-free artificial diet. Nature (London) 275:649-650

Rothschild, M., Moore, B. P., Brown, W. V. 1984. Pyrazines as warning odour components in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, and in moths of the genera Zygaena and Amata (Lepidoptera). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 23:375-380

Rothschild, M., Nash, R. J., Bell, E. A. 1986. Cycasin in the endangered butterfly Eumaeus atala florida. Phytochemistry 25:1853-1854

Rothschild, M., Reichstein, T. 1976. Some problems associated with the storage of cardiac glycosides by insects. Nova Acta Leopoldina (Halle (Saale)) 7:507-550

Rothschild, M., Reichstein, T., Euw, J. V., Aplin, R., Harman, R. R. M. 1970. Toxic lepidoptera. Toxicon (Oxford) 8:293-299

Rowell-Rahier, M., Pasteels, J. M., Alonso-Mejia, A., Brower, L. P. 1995. Relative unpalatability of leaf beetles with biosynthesized or sequestered chemical defenses. Animal Behaviour 49:709-714 [Keywords: ecology, behavior, physiology, chemical defense, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides, pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PAs)]

Scudder, G. G. E., Meredith, J. 1982. The permeability of the midgut of three insects to cardiac glycosides. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:689-694

Seiber, J. N., Brower, L. P., Lee, S. M., McChesney, M. M., Cheung, H. T. A., et al. 1986. Cardenolide connection between overwintering monarch butterflies from Mexico and their larval food plant, Asclepias syriaca. Journal of Chemical Ecology 12:1157-1170 [Keywords: overwintering, chemical defense, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides]

Sheppard, P. M. 1965. The Monarch butterfly and mimicry. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 19:227-230

Smith, D. A. S. 1978. Cardiac glycosides in Danaus chrysippus (L.) provide some protection against insect parasitoids. Experientia (Basel) 34

Smith, D. A. S. 1978. The effect of cardiac glycoside storage on growth rate and adult size in the butterfly D. chrysippus (L.). Experientia (Basel) 34:845-846

Smith, D. A. S. 1979. The significance of beak marks on the wings of an aposematic, distasteful and polymorphic butterfly. Nature (London) 281:215-216

Thomas, R. E. 1981. Cardiac drugs. In Burger's medicinal chemistry, Part III, ed. M. E. Wolff, 47-192. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Turner, J. R. G. 1984. Mimicry: The palatability spectrum and its consequences. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 11:141-161

Urquhart, F. A. 1957. A discussion of Batesian mimicry as applied to the Monarch and Viceroy butterflies [iv] + 27 pp., frontispiece. Toronto.

Vasconcellos-Neto, J., Lewinsohn, T. M. 1984. Discrimination and release of unpalatable butterflies by Nephila clavipes, a neotropicl orb-weaving spider. Ecological Entomology 9:337-344

Waldauer, G. P. 1988. Asynchrony between Batesian mimics and their models. American Naturalist 131 Supplement:S103-S121 [Keywords: mimicry, phenology, chemical defense]

Zalucki, M. P., Brower, L. P. 1992. Survival of first instar larvae of Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content of Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae). Chemoecology (Stuttgart) 3:81-93 [Keywords: chemical defense, milkweed, cardiac glycosides, neonate insect behavior]

MILKWEED TOPICS

MILKWEED ECOLOGY

Classification

Adams, R. P., Tomb, A. S., Price, S. C. 1987. Investigation of hybridization between Asclepias speciosa and A. syriaca using alkanes, fatty acids, and triterpenoids. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Oxford) 15:395-399

Kephart, S. R., Wyatt, R., Parella, D. 1988. Hybridization in North American Asclepias I. Morphological evidence. Systematic Botany 13:456-473

Distribution

Denno, R. F. 1983. Tracking variable host plants in space and time. Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed system 291-341

Life History

Wilbur, H. M. 1976. Life history evolution in seven milkweeds of the genus Asclepias. Journal of Ecology 64:223-240 [Keywords: Asclepias, life history, milkweed]

Woodson, R. E., Jr. 1954. The North American species of Asclepias L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 41:1-211

Wyatt, R., Broyles, S. B. 1994. Ecology and evolution of reproduction in milkweeds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25:423-441

MILKWEED BIOCHEMISTRY

Secondary Compounds

Benson, J. M., Seiber, J. N. 1978. High-speed liquid chromatography of cardiac glycosides in milkweed plants and monarch butterflies. Journal of Chromatography (Amsterdam & London) 148:521-527

Bogner, F., Boppre, M. 1989. Single cell recordings reveal hydroxydanaidal as the volatile compound attracting insects to pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 50:171-184

Boppre, M. 1976. Pheromon-Transfer-Partikel auf einem Duftpinselhaar eines Monarchfalters (Danaus formosa). Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau (Stuttgart) 29:[caption to frontispiece].

Boppre, M. 1979. Untersuchungen zur Pheromonbiologie bei Monarchfaltern (Danaidae). Dissertation der Fakultat fur Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen. :121

Boppre, M. 1984. Redefining "pharmacophagy.". Journal of Chemical Ecology 10:1151-1154

Brower, L. P. 1969. Ecological chemistry. Scientific American (New York) 220:22-29 [Keywords: ecology, defense, secondary compounds, cardenolides, Asclepias, see Slansky]

Brower, L. P. 1972. Ecological chemistry of the palatability-cardiac glycoside spectrum in Monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, and Asclepias milkweeds. American Zoologist 12:712-713

Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z. 1964. Birds, butterflies and plant poisons: a study in ecological chemistry. Zool. (New York) 49:137-159

Brower, L. P., Ryerson, W. N., Coppinger, L. L., Glazier, S. C. 1968. Ecological chemistry and the palatability spectrum. Science (Washington) 161:1349-1350

Brower, L. P., Williamson, K. L., Flannery, M. A., Uman, H. M. 1970. A quantitative assay for cardiac glycosides in the monarch butterfly and its milkweed foodplants. American Zoologist 10:540

Brown, P., Euw, J. V., Reichstein, T., Stockel, K., Watson, T. R. 1979. Cardenolides of Asclepias syriaca L., probable structure of syrioside and syrobioside. Helvetica Chimica Acta 62:412-441

Bull, L. B., Culvenor, C. C. J., Dick, A. T. 1968. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids, their chemistry, pathogenicity and other biological properties. Frontiers of Biology 9:xvi + 293

Cheeke, P. R. P.-G., M. L. 1983. Toxicity of Senecio jacobaea and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various laboratory animals and avian species. Toxicology Letters (Amsterdam) 18:343-349

Cheung, H. T., Watson, T. R., Seiber, J. N., Nelson, C. J. 1980. 7b,8b-epoxycardenolide glycosides of Asclepias eriocarpa. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transacts. I:2169-2173

Cheung, H. T. A., Chiu, F. C. K., Watson, T. R., Wells, R. J. 1983. Cardenolide glycosides of the Asclepiadaceae. New glycosides from Asclepias fruticosa and stereochemistry of uscharin, vonuscharin and calotoxin. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I:2827-2835

Cheung, H. T. A., Watson, T. R., Lee, S. M., McChesney, M. M., Seiber, J. N. 1986. Structure of aspecioside from the monarch butterfly larvae food plants Asclepias speciosa and A. syriaca. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I:61-65

Dannreuther, T. 1935. Note on the food-plant of Danaus plexippus L. Entomologist (London) 68:240-241

Deinzer, M. L., Thomson, P. A., Burgett, D. M., Isaacson, D. L. 1977. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Their occurrence in honey from Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobeae L.). Science (Washington) 195:497-499

Everist, S. L. 1981. Poisonous plants of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 966 pp.

Fraenkel, G. 1959. The raison d'etre of secondary plant substances. Science (Washington) 129:1466-1470

Guilford, T., Nicol, C., Rothschild, M., Moore, B. P. 1987. The biological roles of pyrazines: Evidence for a warning odour function. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 32:113-128

Harborne, J. B. 1982. Introduction to ecological biochemistry, 2nd. ed. London: Academic Press. xvi + 278 pp.

Harborne, J. B. e. 1972. Phytochemical ecology. N. Y. & Lond.: Acad. Press

Jolad, S. D., Bates, R. B., Cole, J. R., Hoffmann, J. J., Siahaan, T. J., Timmermann, B. N. 1986. Cardenolides and a lignan from Asclepias subulata. Phytochemistry 25:2581-2590

Keller, M., Reichstein, T. 1949. Gofrusid, ein krystallisiertes Gylkosid aus dem Samen von Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) R. Br. Helvetica Chimica Acta 32:1607-1612

Malcolm, S. B. 1987. The fourth chemical ecology meeting. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:292-293

Malcolm, S. B., Cockrell, B. J., Brower, L. P. 1989. The cardenolide fingerprint of monarch butterflies reared on the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15:819-853 [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, cardenolide fingerprint]

Nelson, C. J. 1988. Milkweeds, monarchs and cardenolide glycosides, a study in three parts. . pp. 320. Sydney: University of Sydney

Nishio, S., Blum, M. S., Silverton, J. V., Highet, R. J. 1982. Structure of humistratin: A novel cardenolide from the sandhill milkweed Asclepias humistrata. Journal of Organic Chemistry 47:2154-2157

Punyarajun, S. 1965. Chemical investigations of Asclepias tuberosa. Ph.D. dissertation. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University.

Robins, D. J. 1982. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In Progress In the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products , ed. W. Herz, H. Grisebach, G. W. Kirby. pp. 115-203. Vol. 41. Wien: Springer-Verlag

Rosenthal, G. A. 1986. The chemical defenses of higher plants. Scientific American (New York) 254:76-81 [Keywords: chemical defense, plant defense, chemical ecology, plant secondary compounds]

Rothschild, M. 1972. Some observations on the relationship between plants, toxic insects and birds. Ann. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. 8:1-12

Rothschild, M., Edgar, J. A. 1978. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vulgaris sequestered and stored by Danaus plexippus. J. Zool., Lond. 186:347-349

Sady, M., B., Seiber, J. N. 1991. Chemical differences between species of Asclepias from the intermountain region of North America. Phytochemistry 30:3001-3003 [Keywords: milkweed, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides, chemical differences]

Sady, M., B., Seiber, J. N. 1991. Field test for screening milkweed latex for cardenolides. Journal of Natural Products (Lloydia) 54:1105-1107 [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides]

Seiber, J. N., Lee, S. M., Benson, J. M. 1983. Cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) in species of Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae). In Handbook of natural toxins, Vol. 1: Plant and fungal toxins, eds. R. F. Keeler and A. T. Tu, 43-83. Amsterdam: Marcel Dekker.

Seiber, J. N., Lee, S. M., Benson, J. M. 1984. Chemical characteristics and ecological significance of cardenolides in Asclepias (milkweed) species. In Isopentenoids in plants: Biochemistry and function, eds. W. D. Nes, G. Fuller, and L. Tsai, 563-588. Amersterdam and New York: Marcel Dekker.

Seiber, J. N., Nelson, C. J., Lee, S. M. 1982. Cardenolides in the latex and leaves of seven Asclepias species and Calotropis procera. Phytochemistry 21:2343-2348

Sieber, J. N., Lee, S. M., Benson, J. M. 1983. Cardiac glycosides (cadenolides) in species of Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae). In Handbook of natural toxins, Vol. 1. Plant and Fungal Toxins, eds. R. F. Keeler and A. T. Tu, 43-83. Amsterdam and New York: Marcel Dekker.

Slansky, F. 1972. Cardiac glycosides in Asclepias species. Journal of the lepidopterists' society 26:219 [Keywords: Asclepias, cardenolides]

Thomas, R. E. 1981. Cardiac drugs. In Burger's medicinal chemistry, Part III, ed. M. E. Wolff, 47-192. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Tschesche, R., Snatzke, G., Grimmer, G. 1959. Calotropagenin aus Asclepias curassavica L. Naturwissenschaften (Berlin) 46:263-264

MONARCH AND MILKWEED TOPICS

Coevolution

Benson, W. W., Brown, J., K. S., Gilbert, L. E. 1976. Coevolution of plants and herbivores: Passion flower butterflies. Evolution 29:659-680

Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J., Pliske, T. E. 1974. Co-evolution of Danaid butterflies with their host plants. Nature (London) 250:646-648

Ehrlich, P. R., Raven, P. H. 1965. Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution. Evolution 18:586-608

Futuyma, D. J. 1983. Evolutionary interactions among herbivorous insects and plants. In Coevolution, Eds. D. J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin, 207-231. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Gould, F. 1988. Genetics of pairwise and multispecies plant-herbivore coevolution. In Chemical mediation of coevolution , ed. K. C. Spencer. pp. 13-55. New York: Academic Press, Inc., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers [Keywords: behavior, physiology, chemical defense, plant-animal interactions]

Rathke, B. J., Poole, R. W. 1975. Coevolutionary race continues: butterfly larval adaptations to plant trichomes. Science (Washington) 187:175-176

Spencer, K. C., ed. 1988. Chemical mediation of coevolution San Diego: Academic Press. 609 pp.

JOURNAL TITLES AND ABBREVIATIONS

Acta Biotheoretica - Acta Biotheor.; Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) - Acta Zool. (Stockholm); Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie - Acta Zool. Mex. Nueva Ser.; Advances In Genetics - Adv. Genet.; African Wildlife - Afr. Wildl.; Agricultural and Biological Chemistry - Agric. Biol. Chem.; Alexanor - Alexanor; American Entomologist - Am. Entomol.; American Journal of Physics - Am J. Physics; American Midland Naturalist - Am. Midl. Nat.; American Naturalist - Am. Nat.; American Scientist - Am. Sci.; American Zoologist - Amer. Zool.; Animal Behaviour - Anim. Behav.; Animal Kingdom - Anim. Kingdom; Animals - Animals; Annual Proceedings of the Phytochemistry Society - Ann. Proc. Phytochem.Soc.; Annales Zoologici Fennici - Ann. Zool. Fenn.; Annals of the Entomological Society of America - Ann. Entomol. Soc.Am.; Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden - Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.; Annals of Zoology (Agra) - Ann. Zool. (Agra); Anniv. Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat'l. Hist., Boston - Anniv. Memoirs BostonSoc. Nat'l. Hist., Boston; Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics - Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.; Annual Review of Entomology - Annu. Rev. Entomol.; Annual Review of Physiology - Annu. Rev. Physiol.; Antenna - Antenna; Applied Entomology and Zoology (Tokyo) - Appl. Entomol. Zool.; Ardea (Odijik) - Ardea; Atala (Portland) - Atala; Atalanta (Munnerstadt) - Atalanta; Audubon Wildlife Report (San Diego) - Audubon Wildl. Rep.; Australian Entomological Magazine - Aust. Entomol. Mag.; Australian Journal of Ecology (Carlton) - Aust. J. Ecol.; Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) - Aust. J. Zool.; Australian Zoologist - Aust. Zool.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Berlin) - Behav.Ecol. Sociobiol. BES; Behaviour (Leiden) - Behaviour; Behavioural Processes (Amsterdam) - Behav. Processes; Biochemical Genetics (New York) - Biochem. Genet.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Oxford) - Biochem. Syst. Ecol.Oxford; Biochimica e Biologia Sperimentale (Milan) - Biochimica e BiologiaSperimentale; Biological Bulletin - Biol. Bull.; Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) - Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole); Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler - Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler; Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) - Biol. J. Linn.Soc.; Bioscience (Washington) - Bioscience; Biotropica (Lawrence) - Biotropica; Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico - Bol. Soc. Bot. Mex.; Boletin Informativo, Sociedad Mexicana de Lepidopterologia - BoletinInformativo, Sociedad Mexicana de LepidopterologiaBotanical Gazette (Chicago) - Bot. Gazette (Chicago); British Birds (London) - Br. Birds; British Journal of Entomology and Natural History (Minster-in-Sheppey)- Br. J. Entomol. Nat. Hist.; Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America - Bull. Ent. Soc.Amer.; Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology - Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.; Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences - Bull. SouthCalif. Acad. Sci.; Bulletin, East African Natural History Society, Nairobi - Bulletin,East African Natural History Society, Nairobi

Canadian Entomologist - Can. Entomol.; Canadian Field-Naturalist (Ottowa) - Can. Field-Nat.; Canadian Geographic - Can. GeographicCanadian Journal of Zoology - Can. J. Zool.; Catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests, Ontario - Catalogueof the parasites and predators of insect pests, Ontario; Chem. Communs. (London) - Chem. Communs., Lond.; Chemoecology (Stuttgart) - Chemoecology; Cold Sping Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology - Cold Sping HarborSymp. Quant. Biol.; Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Comp. Biochem. Physiol.; Comparative Physiology and Ecology - Compar. Physiol. Ecol.; Conservation Biology - Conserv. Biol.; Contrib., Boyce Thompson Inst., Menasha, Wis. - Contrib., Boyce ThompsonInst., Menasha, Wis.; Contrib., Div. Zool. & Paleo., Roy. Ontario Mus., Toronto - Contrib.,Div. Zool. & Paleo., Roy. Ontario Mus., Toronto; Contributions in Marine Science - Contrib. Mar. Sci.Cryo Letters (Cambridge) - Cryo Lett.

Developmental Biology - Devel. Biol.

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FEBS (Federation of European Biochemical Societies) Letters- FEBS (Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc.) Lett.; Fed. Bull., Fed. American Soc. Exp. Biol., Baltimore - Fed. Bull.,Fed. American Soc. Exp. Biol., BaltimoreField report to Monarca, A. C., and the World Wildlife Fund. - Fieldreport to Monarca, A. C., and the World Wildlife Fund; Florida Entomologist - Fla. Entomol.; Frontiers of Biology - Front. Biol.

General and Applied Entomology (Sydney) - Gen. Appl.Entomol.; General and Comparative Endocrinology - Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.Ghana Journal of Science, Accra - Ghana J. Sci., Accra; Great Lakes Entomologist (East Lansing) - Gt. Lakes Entomol.; Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica (Qingdao) - Oceanol. Limnol. Sin.

Helvetica Chimica Acta - Helvetica Chimica Acta; Heredity (Oxford) - Heredity

Indian Journal of Entomology (New Delhi) - IndianJ. Entomol.; Insect Biochemistry (Oxford) - Insect Biochem.

J. Proc. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, St. Louis, MO. - J.Proc. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.; Journal of Animal Ecology - J. Anim. Ecol.; Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology - J. Anim. Morphol. Physiol.Journal of Applied Ecology - J. Appl. Ecol.; Journal of Cell Science - J. Cell. Sci.; Journal of Chemical Ecology - J. Chem. Ecol.; Journal of Chromatography (Amsterdam & London) - J. Chromatogr.; Journal of Comparative Physiology A - J. Comp. Physiol. AJournal of Ecology - J. Ecol.; Journal of Economic Entomology - J. Econ. Entomol.; Journal of Entomology A - J. Ent. A; Journal of Experimental Biology - J. Exp. Biol.; Journal of Experimental Zoology - J. Exp. Zool.Journal of Insect Behavior - J. Insect Behav.; Journal of Insect Physiology - J. Insect Physiol.; Journal of Invertebrate Pathology - J. Invertebr. Pathol.; Journal of Morphology - J. Morphol.; Journal of Natural History - J. of Nat. Hist.Journal of Natural Products (Lloydia) - J. Nat. Prod. (Lloydia); Journal of Organic Chemistry - J. Org. Chem.; Journal of Organic Chemistry of the USSR - J. Org. Chem. (USSR); Journal of Physiology - J. Physiol.; Journal of Protozoology - J. Protozool.; Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera - J. Res. Lepid.; Journal of the American Chemical Society - J. Amer. Chem. Soc.; Journal of the Australian Entomological Society - J. Aust. Entomol.Soc.; Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society - J. Bombay Nat. Hist.Soc.; Journal of the Chemical Society - J. Chem. Soc.; Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland - J. Entomol. Soc.Queensl.; Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society - J. Kans. Entomol. Soc.; Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society - J. Lep. Soc.; Journal of the New York Entomological Society - J. N. Y. Entomol.Soc.; Journal of Theoretical Biology - J. Theor. Biol.; Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research - J. Ultrastruct.Mol. Struct. Res.; Journal of Zoology (London) - J. Zool. (London)

Kans. Univ. Quarterly, Lawrence, Kans. - Kans. Univ.Quarterly, Lawrence, Kans.; Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Lawrence, Kans. - Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull.,Lawrence, Kans.; Kontyu (Tokyo) - Kontyu

Lepid. News, Cambridge, Mass. - Lepid. News, Cambridge,Mass.; Lepidopterists' Society Journal - Lepid. Soc. J.; Li shih yen chiu - Li shih yen chiu; Living Mus., Springfield, IL - Living Mus., Springfield, IL

Maryland Entomologist - Md. Entomol.; Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Kyoto University - Mem. Coll.Agric. Kyoto Univ.; Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada - Mem. Ent. Soc. Can.; Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Mem. Queensl. Mus.; Microbiology (New York) - Microbiology (N. Y.); Microent., Palo Alto - Microent., Palo Alto; Miscellaneous report - Geological Survey of Canada - Miscellaneousreport - Geological Survey of Cana; Monitore Zoologico Italiano (Florence) - Monit. Zool. Ital.

Nat. Sci. and Museum, Tokyo - Nat. Sci. and Museum,Tokyo; National Geographic Magazine (Washington) - Natl. Geogr. Mag.; Natural History - Nat. Hist.; Nature (London) - Nature; Nature Canada (Ottawa) - Nat. Can. (Ott.); Naturwissenschaften (Berlin) - Naturwissenschaften; Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau (Stuttgart) - Naturwiss. Rundsch.; New Scientist (London) - New Sci.; New York Entomological Society - N. Y. Entomol. Soc.; New Zealand Entomologist - N. Z. Entomol.; News Bull., Entomol. Soc. Queensland, St Lucia - News Bull., Entomol.Soc. Queensland, St Lucia; News of the Lepidopterists' Society - News Lepid. Soc.; Newsletter Exotic Entomol. Group and Amateur Entomol. Soc. - NewsletterExotic Entomol. Group and Amateur Entomol. Soc.; Noetic sciences review - Noetic sciences review; North Queensland Naturalist (Cairns) - N. Queensl. Nat. (Cairns); Nova Acta Leopoldina (Halle (Saale)) - Nova Acta Leopold.; Novitates Zoologicae (London) - Novitates Zoologicae (London)

Occasional Publications, Toronto, Entomol.Assoc., Toronto- Occasional Publications, Toronto, Entomol.Assoc., Toronto; Oecologia (Heidelberg) - Oecologia (Heidelb.); Oikos (Copenhagen) - Oikos; Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) - Ont. Field Biol.; Orion (New York) - Orion; Outdoor of California - Outdoor of California

Pacific Discovery - Pac. Discovery; Pan-Pacific Entomologist - Pan-Pac. Entomol.; Physiological Entomology (Oxford) - Physiol. Ent.; Physiological Zoology (Chicago) - Physiol. Zool.; Phytochemistry - Phytochemistry; Proc. Ent. Soc. - Proc. Ent. Soc.; Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and NaturalHistory Society (Minster-in-Sheppey) - Proc. Trans. Br. Entomol. Nat.Hist. Soc.; Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science- Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci.; Proceedings of the Congress of European Lepidopterology - Proc. Congr.Eur. Lepid.; Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London - Proc. Entomol.Soc. Lond.; Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario - Proc. Entomol.Soc. Ont.; Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington - Proc. Entomol.Soc. Wash.; Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society - Proc. Hawaii Entomol.Soc.; Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress (Calcutta) - Proc. IndianSci. Congr.; Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science - Proc. Indiana Acad.Sci.; Proceedings of the International Congress of Zoology (Washington) - Proc.Internt'l. Congr. Zool. (Wash.); Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science - Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.; Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London - Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond.; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Statesof America - Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.; Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London - Proc. R.Entomol. Soc. Lond.; Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Proc. R. Soc. Lond.; Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences- Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci.; Psyche (Cambridge) - Psyche (Camb.)

Recent Advances in Phytochemistry - Rec. Adv. Phytochem.; Records of the Auchland Institute and Museum - Rec. Auchl. Inst. Mus.; Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) - Rec. Indian Mus. (Calcutta); Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario - Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.; Report on Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects, of the State of Missouri,Jefferson City. - Rep. Nox. Benef. Other Insects MO; Research in Population Ecology - Res. Pop. Ecol.; Researches on Population Ecology (Kyoto) - Res. Popul. Ecol. (Kyoto); Revista Brasileira de Entomologia - Rev. Bras. Entomol.; Revista Brasiliera de Biologia - Rev. Bras. Biol.; Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines - Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (Chicago) - Scan. Elec.Micr.; Science (Washington) - Science (Wash.); Scientific American (New York) - Sci. Amer.; Shilap Revista de Lepidopterologia (Madrid) - Shilap Rev. Lepid.; Sky - Sky; Southwestern Entomologist (Dallas) - Southwest. Entomol.; Stain Technology - Stain Tech.; Symbolae Botanicae Upsalinses (Uppsala) - Symbolae Bot. Upsalinses; Symposia Biologica Hungarica - Symp. Biol. Hung.; Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London - Symp. R. Entomol.Soc. Lond.; Systematic Botany - Syst. Bot.; Systematic Entomology (London) - Syst. Ent.; Systematic Zoology (Washington) - Syst. Zool.

Tetrahedron Letters - Tetrahedron Lett.; Toxicology Letters (Amsterdam) - Toxicol. Lett. (Amst.); Toxicon (Oxford) - Toxicon; Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) - Trans.Am. Entomol. Soc. Phila.; Transactions of the Entomological Society of London - Trans. Entomol.Soc. Lond.; Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London - Trans.R. Entomol. Soc. Lond.; Trends in Ecology and Evolution - TREE/Trends Ecol. Evol.; Tuatara (Wellington) - Tuatara

Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft(Stuttgart) - Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges.; Victorian Entomologist - Vic. Entomol.; Vida Silvestre Neotropical (Washington) - Vida Silvestre Neotrop.

Western Australian Naturalist - West. Aust. Nat.; Wildlife Conservation - Wildl. Conserv.; Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, Berlin -Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, Berlin; Wyoming Wildlife - Wyo. Wildl.

XVII International Congress on Entomology, Hamburg -XVII Internt'l. Congr. Ent., Hamburg

Yadoriga (Kyoto) - Yadoriga

Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Z. Naturforsch.; Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie - Z. Tierpsychol.; Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie (Berlin) - Z. VergleichendePhysiologie; Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zool. (Leipzig) - Z. WissenschaftlicheZool.; Zool. (New York) - Zool.; Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) - Zool. J. Linn.Soc.

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