GENERAL MONARCH TOPICS
Ackery, P. R., Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies: Their cladistics and biology. Ithaca, N. Y.: British Museum (Natural History)/Cornell University Press. 425 pp.
Beall, G. 1941. The Monarch butterfly, Danaus archippus Fab. I. General observations in southern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist (Ottowa) 55:123-129
Brewer, J. 1967. Wings in the meadow . 1970 edition ed. London:. xvii + 187 pp.
Brown, K. S., Jr. 1981. The biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annual Review of Entomology 26:427-456
Burns, J. M. 1983. Queen of the Carolinas (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae:Danainae:Danacus gilippus). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 85:388-396
Burton, J. F. 1969. The year of the monarchs. Animals 12:122-126
Common, L. F. B., Waterhouse, D. F. 1982. Butterflies of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson Publishers, 434 pp.
Dell, B. 1974. Observations on the wanderer butterfly in western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:172-177
Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. 1961. How to know the butterflies. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Company. 262 pp.
Eisner, T. 1982. For love of nature: Exploration and discovery at biological field stations. Bioscience (Washington) 32:321-326
Fink, A. 1982. Monterey County: The dramatic story of its past Santa Cruz, CA: Western Tanager Press. 254 pp.
Gilbert, L. E., Singer, M. C. 1975. Butterfly ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6:365-397
Holloway, J. D. 1973. Monarch butterflies in Australia. Animals 15:302-303
Holloway, J. D., Peters, J. V. 1976. The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. Journal of Natural History 10:273-318
Holt White, A. E. 1894. The butterflies and moths of Teneriffe xii + 108 pp. 4 pls. London.
Howe, W. H. 1975. The butterflies of North America north of Mexico New York: Doubleday and Co. xiii + 633 pp.
Judd, W. W. 1963. Butterflies of Dunn Township, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) 17:1-14
Judd, W. W. 1970. Additional observations on butterflies of Dunn Township, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) 24:13-16
Klots, A. B. 1951. A field guide to the butterflies of North America, east of the Great Plains. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 349 pp.
Koch, L. E. 1971. The Wanderer butterfly in western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:25-27
Krivda, W. V. 1967. The Monarch butterfly (Danaidae) in northern Saskatchewan. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 21:31-32
Malcolm, S. B., Zalucki, M. P., eds. 1993. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly . Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
McCubbin, C. 1971. Australian butterflies [xxxii] + 206 pp. Melbourne.
Mitchell, R. T., Zim, H. S. 1962. Butterflies and moths. New York: Golden Press :160
Nagano, C. D. S., W. H. 1989. The monarch butterly. Audubon Wildlife Report 1989/1990: 367-385
Nicholson, C. 1935. Danaus plexippus L. in the British Isles. Entomologist (London) 68:245-251, 269-273
Nicholson, C. 1939. Danaus plexippus in Holland. Entomologist (London) 72:109
Ordish, G. 1975. The year of the butterfly New York:. xii + 147 pp.
Owen, D. F. 1971. Tropical butterflies Oxford:. xiv + 214 pp.
Pyle, R. M. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American butterflies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf :916
Rothschild, M. 1985. British aposematic Lepidoptera. In The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland . pp. 9-62. Vol. 2. Essex, Colcester: Harley Books
Scott, J. A. 1986. Butterflies of North America Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 583 pp.
Urquhart, F. A. 1960. The Monarch Butterfly Toronto & Lond.:. xxiv + 361 pp.
Watson, A., Whalley, P. E. S. 1975. The dictionary of butterflies and moths in colour, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, and Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Company, xiv + 296 pp.
Wells, H., Wells, P. H. 1992. The monarch butterfly: a review. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 91:1-25 [Keywords: life history, population dynamics, oviposition, distribution, energetics, mating, predation]
Wenner, A. M. 1989. Concept centered versus organism centered biology. American Zoologist 29:1177-1197 [Keywords: scientific method, sociology of science, controversy, paradigm]
Zalucki, M. P. 1986. The monarch butterfly--A nonpest exotic animal. In The ecology of exotic animals and plants: Some Australian case-histories. . pp. 128-143
MONARCH HISTORY
Brower, L. P. 1995. Understanding and misunderstanding the migration of the monarch butterfly (Nymphalidae) in North America: 1857-1995. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 49:304-385 [Keywords: migration, overwintering, history of monarch research, open questions, Mexico]
Shepardson, L. 1914. The butterfly trees San Francisco:. 32 pp.
Urquhart, F. A. 1976. Found at last: the Monarch's winter home. National Geographic Magazine (Washington) 150:160-173
Urquhart, F. A. 1978. Monarch migration studies. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 1978:3-4 [Keywords: anecdotal history]
MONARCH ECOLOGY
Classification
Ackery, P. R. 1987. The danaid genus Tellervo (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) - A cladistic approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 89:203-274
Ackery, P. R. 1988. Hostplants and classification: A review of nymphalid butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 33:95-203
Ackery, P. R., Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies: Their cladistics and biology. Ithaca, N. Y.: British Museum (Natural History)/Cornell University Press. 425 pp.
Clarke, C. A. R., M. 1980. A new mutant of Danaus plexippus ssp. erippus (Cramer). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 34:224-229
Ehrlich, P. R. 1958. The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classificatin of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Lawrence, Kans. 39:305-370
Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. 1967. The phenetic relationships of the butterflies. I. Adult taxonomy and the nonspecificity hypothesis. Systematic Zoology (Washington) 16:301-317
Kitching, I. J. 1984. The use of larval chaetotaxy in butterfly systematics, with special reference to the Danaini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Syst. Ent., Lond. 9:49-61
Kitching, I. J. 1985. Early stages and the classification of the milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 85:1-97
Owen, D. F., Owen, J. 1972. Systematics and bionomics of butterflies seen and collected in the forest region of Sierra Leone. Part 1. Introduction, Papilionidae, Danaidae and Acraeidae. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 85:287-308
Distribution
Archer-Lock, A. 1981. The Monarch:Danaus plexippus Linn. in England, 1981 [with additional notes by F. H. N. Smith, J. Hedges, S. H. Church & G. T. Foggitt]. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 93:199-202
Borkin, S. S. 1982. Notes on shifting distribution patterns and survival of immature Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) on the food plant Asclepias syriaca. Great Lakes Entomologist (East Lansing) 15:199-206 [Keywords: ecology, distribution, mortality, larval dispersal]
Bretherton, R. F., Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. 1982. The monarch or milkweed butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) in 1981. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 94:81-87 & 141-146
Brower, L. P. 1995. Understanding and misunderstanding the migration of the monarch butterfly (Nymphalidae) in North America: 1857-1995. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 49:304-385 [Keywords: migration, overwintering, history of monarch research, open questions, Mexico]
Burton, J. F., French, R. A. 1969. Monarch butterflies coinciding with American passerines in Britain and Ireland in 1968. British Birds (London) 62:493-496
Calvert, W. H., Brower, L. P. 1986. The location of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) overwintering colonies in Mexico in relation to topography and climate. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 40:164-187 [Keywords: conservation biology, overwintering, temperature, Mexico, ecology, microclimate]
Collenette, C. L. 1925. The present status of Danaida plexippus in the Pacific islands. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 61:198-202
Common, L. F. B., Waterhouse, D. F. 1982. Butterflies of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson Publishers, 434 pp.
Davenport, K. 1983. Geopgraphic distribution and checklist of the butterflies of Kern County, California. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 37:46-69
Dell, B. 1974. Observations on the wanderer butterfly in western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:172-177
Dey, D. 1995. A sighting of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in West Sussex. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 107:99 [Keywords: anecdotal, UK, Europe]
Distant, W. L. 1877. The geographical distribution of Danais archippus. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1877:93-104
Douglas, M. M., Grula, J. 1978. Thermoregulatory adaptations allowing ecological range expansion by the pierid butterfly, Nathalis iole. Evolution 32:776-783
Dudley, R., Adler, G. H. 1996. Biogeography of milkweed butterflies (Nymphalidae, Danainae) and mimetic patterns on tropical Pacific archipelagos. Journal of the Linnean Society 57:317-326
Edwards, P. J. 1984. Monarchs resident in Spain (Danaus plexippus (L.). Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society (Minster-in-Sheppey) 17:84
Edwards, P. J. 1988. Monarchs resident in Spain. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History (Minster-in-Sheppey) 1:59-60
Fales, J. H. 1984. Spring occurrence of the monarch butterfly in Maryland. Maryland Entomologist 2:76-79
Ferguson, D. C., Hilburn, D. J., Wright, B. 1991. The lepidoptera of Bermuda: their food plants, biogeography, and means of dispersal. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 158:3-8, 67-84 [Keywords: feeding, distribution, biogeography, dispersal]
Frohawk, F. W. 1916. Anoisa plexippus in Ireland. Entomologist (London) 49:285-286
Gibbs, G. W. 1980. New Zealand butterflies: identification and natural history 207 pp., 194 colour figs. Auckland.
Hessel, S. A. 1969. Monarch observations in Mid-Town and Lower Manhattan, New York City. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 23:254
Hillaby, J. 1968. Year of the Monarch. New Scientist (London) 40:425
Holloway, J. D. 1973. Monarch butterflies in Australia. Animals 15:302-303
Holloway, J. D. 1982. Further notes on the lepidoptera of Norfolk Island, with particular reference to migrant species. Journal of Natural History 16:351-365
Holloway, J. D., Peters, J. V. 1976. The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. Journal of Natural History 10:273-318
Holt White, A. E. 1894. The butterflies and moths of Teneriffe xii + 108 pp. 4 pls. London.
Howe, W. H. 1975. The butterflies of North America north of Mexico New York: Doubleday and Co. xiii + 633 pp.
Johnson, C. G. 1969. Migration and dispersal of insects by flight London:. xxii + 763 pp.
Jones, R. E. 1977. Movement patterns and the egg distributions of cabbage butterflies. Journal of Animal Ecology 46:195-212
Judd, W. W. 1963. Butterflies of Dunn Township, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) 17:1-14
Klots, A. B. 1951. A field guide to the butterflies of North America, east of the Great Plains. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 349 pp.
Knill-Jones, S. A., Angell, B. J. 1996. Exotic and rare migrant butterflies recorded on the isle of Wight during 1995. Ent. Rec. & J. Var. 108:143-144
Koch, L. E. 1971. The Wanderer butterfly in western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:25-27
Koch, L. E. 1973. Wanderer butterfly sightings in Western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 12:115
Krivda, W. V. 1967. The Monarch butterfly (Danaidae) in northern Saskatchewan. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 21:31-32
Kurosawa, Y. 1972. What is the native place of the Monarch found in Japan? Nat. Sci. and Museum, Tokyo 39:62-68
Longstaff, G. B. 1912. Butterfly-hunting in many lands London:. xx + 729 pp.
Malcolm, S. B., Brower, L. P. 1987. White monarchs. Antenna 11:2-3
Marks, E. N. 1963. The first record of Danaus plexippus L. from Australia. Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 2:8
Miskin, W. H. 1871. Occurrence of Danais archippus in Queensland. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 8:17
Nicholson, C. 1935. Danaus plexippus L. in the British Isles. Entomologist (London) 68:245-251, 269-273
Nicholson, C. 1939. Danaus plexippus in Holland. Entomologist (London) 72:109
Observations of monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus in France during fall, 1995 (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France (1995). 11:440
Opler, P. A., Krizek, G. O. 1984. Butterflies east of the Great Plains: An illustrated natural history. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 273 pp.
Pyle, R. M. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American butterflies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 916
Sazuki, Y., Zalucki, M. P. 1986. The influence of sex ratio on female dispersal in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25:31-35 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, feeding, dispersal, sex ratio]
Scheermeyer, E. 1985. Some factors affecting the distribution of Euploea core corinna (W. S. Macleay) (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 33:339-348
Scudder, S. H., Gulick, L. H. 1875. The introduction of Danaida plexippus into the Pacific islands. Psyche (Cambridge) 1:81-84
Shapiro, A. M. 1970. The role of sexual behavior in density-related dispersal of pierid butterflies. American Naturalist 104:367-372
Shepardson, L. 1914. The butterfly trees San Francisco:. 32 pp.
Slade, B. E. 1995. The Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in Somerset. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 107:99 [Keywords: anecdotal, UK, Europe]
Smithers, C. N. 1977. Seasonal distribution and breeding status of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomology Society 16:175-184
Sokoloff, P. 1994. A sighting of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in Kent. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 106:248 [Keywords: sighting, anecdotal, England]
Suzuki, Y., Zalucki, M. P. 1986. The influence of sex ratio on female disperal in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25:31-35 [Keywords: mating behavior, reproduction, sex, dispersal, mark recapture]
Tapia Dominguez, P. 1982. Danaus chrysippus (L.)y D. plexippus (L.) en la provincia de Malaga. Shilap Revista de Lepidopterologia (Madrid) 10:274
Toft, S. 1980. First Danish record of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus Linne) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Entomologiske Meddelelser 47:115-116
Urquhart, F. A. 1970. Fluctuation in the numbers of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in North America. Atalanta (Munnerstadt) 3:104-114
Urquhart, F. A. 1976. Found at last: the Monarch's winter home. National Geographic Magazine (Washington) 150:160-173
Urquhart, F. A. 1978. Monarch migration studies. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 1978:3-4 [Keywords: anecdotal history]
Vane-Wright, R. I. 1978. Ecology and evolution [meeting report]. Antenna 2:47-48
Vane-Wright, R. I. 1987. Dick Vane-Wright replies...[Reply to Malcolm and Brower]. Antenna 11:3
Walker, J. J. 1886. Anoisa plexippus. L. (Danais archippus. F.): a study in geographical distribution. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 22:217-224
Walker, J. J. 1914. The geographical distribution of Danaida plexippus, L. (Danais archippus, F.) with special reference to its recent migrations. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 50:181-193, 233-237
Wiklund, C., Ahrberg, C. 1978. Host plants, nectar source plants, and habitat selection of males and females of Anthocharis cardamines (Lepidoptera). Oikos (Copenhagen) 31:169-183
Wise, K. A. J. 1980. Monarch butterfly dispersal in New Zealand. Records of the Auchland Institute and Museum 17:157-173
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1962. Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour. Edinburgh & London. 653 pp.
Young, A. M. 1974. Some differences between temperate and tropical populations of monarch (D. plexippus) and queen (D. gilippus) butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Entomol. News, Philadelphia 85:116-126
Population Structure and Characteristics
Ackery, P. R. 1987. Diversity and phantom competition in African acraeine butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 30:291-297
Beall, G. 1941. The Monarch butterfly, Danaus archippus Fab. I. General observations in southern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist (Ottowa) 55:123-129
Beall, G. 1946. Seasonal variation in sex proportion and wing length in the migrant butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. (Lep. Danaidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 97:337-353
Beall, G., Williams, C. B. 1945. Geographical variation in the wing length of Danaus plexippus (Lep. Rhopalocera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 20:65-76
Blakley, N. R., Dingle, H. 1978. Competition: butterflies eliminate milkweed bugs from a Caribbean Island. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 37:133-136
Boggs, C. L. 1981. Selection pressures affecting male nutrient investment at mating in heliconiine butterflies. Evolution 35:931-940
Boppre, M. 1978. Chemical communication, plant relationships and mimicry in the evolution of Danaid butteflies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24:64-77
Brower, A. V. Z., Boyce, T. M. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA variation in monarch butterflies. Evolution 45:1281-1286 [Keywords: genetics, genetic differentiation, intraspecific phylogeny, population structure]
Brower, L. P. 1962. Further evidence for interspecific competition in natural populations of the monarch and queen butterflies, Danaus plexippus and D. gilippus berenice in south central Florida. Ecology 43:549-552
Brower, L. P., Fink, L. S., Van Zandt Brower, A., Leong, K., Oberhauser, K., et al. 1995. Roundtable: On the dangers of interpopulational transfers of monarch butterflies. Bioscience (Washington) 45:540-544 [Keywords: population transfer, east and west populations, disease risk]
Bull, C. M., Zalucki, M. P., Suzuki, Y., Mackay, D. A., Kitching, R. L. 1985. An experimental investigation of resource use by female monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.). Australian Journal of Ecology (Carlton) 10:391-398
Byers, J. R. 1978. Biosystematics of the genus Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). X. Incidence and level of multiple mating in natural and laboratory populations. Canadian Entomologist 110:193-200
Calvert, W. H. 1994. Behavioral response of monarch butterflies (Nymphalidae) to disturbances in their habitat: a startle response? Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 48:157-165 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, predation, Mexico]
Calvert, W. H., Lawton, R. O. 1993. Comparative phenology of variation in size, weight, and water content of eastern North American monarch butterflies at five overwintering sites in Mexico. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 299-307. Science Series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, Mexico]
Calvert, W. H., Mendoza V, N. P., Lawton, R. O. 1986. Relationship between mortality and habitat structure at several Mexican monarch butterfly overwintering colonies. Field report to Monarca, A. C., and the World Wildlife Fund.
Dudley, R., Adler, G. H. 1996. Biogeography of milkweed butterflies (Nymphalidae, Danainae) and mimetic patterns on tropical Pacific archipelagos. Journal of the Linnean Society 57:317-326
Eanes, W. F. 1978. Morphological variance and enzyme heterozygosity in the monarch butterfly. Nature (London) 276:263-264 [Keywords: genetics, heterozygosity, morphology]
Eanes, W. F., Koehn, R. K. 1978. An analysis of genetic structure in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. Evolution 32:784-797 [Keywords: genetic structure, population structure, mating patterns]
Edmunds, M. 1968. Natural selection in mimetic butterflies at Legon. Ghana J. Sci., Accra 8:16
Edmunds, M. 1976. Larval mortality and population regulation in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus in Ghana. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 58:129-145
Eisner, T., Meinwald, J. 1987. Alkaloid-derived pheromones and sexual selection in Lepidoptera. In Pheromone biochemistry , ed. G. D. Prestwich, G. J. Blomquist. pp. 251-269. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press
Etchegaray, J. B., Nishida, T. 1975. Reproductive activity, seasonal abundance and parasitism of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 22:33-39 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, abundance, parasitism]
Fadem, C. M., Shapiro, A. M. 1979. Notes on winter roosting by monarchs (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) at an inland site in California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 55:309-310
Ford, E. B. 1975. Ecological genetics (4th edition) xx + 442 pp., 18 pls. Lond.
Frey, D. F., Leong, K. L. H. 1993. Can microhabitat selection of differences in `catchability' explain male-biased sex ratios in overwintering populations of monarch butterflies? Animal Behaviour 45:1025-1027 [Keywords: sex ratio, behavior, roosting]
Frey, D. F., Leong, K. L. H. 1995. Reply to Nylin, Wickman & Wiklund regarding sex ratios of California overwintering monarch butterflies. Animal Behaviour 49:515-518 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, sex ratio, reproduction]
Funk, R. S. 1968. Overwintering of monarch butterflies as a breeding colony in southwestern Arizona. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 22:63-64
Herman, W. S. 1988. Body weight and wing length changes in Minnesota populations of the monarch butterfly. J. Lep. Soc. 42:32-36
Hess, Q. F. 1979. Butterflies of Ontario and summaries of Lepidoptera encountered in Ontario in 1978. Occasional Publications, Toronto, Entomol. Assoc., Toronto 10:1-70
James, D. G. 1979. Observations on two overwintering clusters of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Sydney area during 1978. Australian Entomological Magazine 5:81-85
James, D. G. 1981. Studies on a winter breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Spencer, New South Wales. General and Applied Entomology (Sydney) 13:47-53
James, D. G. 1982. A transient non-breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) near Picton, New South Wales. Australian entomological magazine 8:96-99
James, D. G. 1984. Population and general biology of non-reproductive colonies of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 32:663-670 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, mark-recapture]
Judd, W. W. 1970. Additional observations on butterflies of Dunn Township, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist (Toronto) 24:13-16
Kingsolver, J. G. 1983. Ecological significance of flight activity in Colias butterflies: Implication for reproductive strategy and population structure. Ecol. 64:546-551
Kingsolver, J. G. 1985. Butterfly thermoregulation: Organismic mechanisms and population consequences. J. Lepid. Soc. 24:1-20
Kitching, I. J. 1985. Allozyme variation in the milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 86:367-389 [Keywords: genetics, genetic variation, allozymes, electrophoresis, population structure]
Kitching, R. L., Zalucki, M. P. 1981. Observations on the ecology of Euploea core corinna (Nymphalidae) with special reference to an overwintering population. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 35:106-119
Knowlton, N. 1979. Reproductive synchrony, parental investment and evolutionary dynamics of sexual selection. Animal Behaviour 27:1022-1033
Koch, L. E., Dell, B., Keighery, G. J. 1977. The Wanderer butterfly at Bunbury and other parts of the South-west, and a new foodplant. Western Australian Naturalist 13:183-184
Lane, J. 1985. California's monarch butterfly trees. Pacific Discovery 38:13-15
Leong, K. L. H. 1990. Microenvironmental factors associated with the winter habitat of the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in central California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83:906-910 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, microhabitat, California, wind]
Leong, K. L. H., Frey, D., Brenner, G. 1991. Use of multivariate analyses to characterize the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) winter habitat. Annals of the entomological society of america 84:263-267 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, California, microhabitat, microclimate]
Malcolm, S. B. 1987. The fourth chemical ecology meeting. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:292-293
Neck, R. W. 1976. Summer monarch (Danaus plexippus) in southern Texas (Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 30:137
Nylin, S., Wickman, P.-O., Wiklund, C. 1995. An adaptive explanation for male-biased sex ratios in overwintering monarch butterflies. Animal Behaviour 49:511-514 [Keywords: ecology, sex ratio, protandry hypothesis]
Platt, A. P. 1983. Evolution of North American admiral butterflies. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 29:10-22
Ramsay, G. W. 1964. Overwintering swarms of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 3:10-16
Remmert, H. 1982. And now? Ecosystem research! In Trends in ecological research in the 1980's, eds. J. H. Cooley and F. B. Golley, 179-191. New York and London: Plenum Press.
Rutowski, R. H., Newton, M., Schaefer, J. 1983. Interspecific variation in the size of the nutrient investment made by male butterflies during copulation. Evolution 37:708-713
Sakai, W. H., Lane, J., Evans, A. V., Schrumpf J., & Monroe, M. 1989. The wintering colonies of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus (L.): Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera) in the state of California. In U.S.A. California Department of Fish and Game Contract Report FG7551 . pp. 38 pages
Sherman, P. W., Watt, W. B. 1973. The thermal ecology of some Colias butterfly larvae. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 83:25-40
Singer, M. C. 1982. Sexual selection for small size in male butterflies. American Naturalist 119:440-443
Smith, D. A. S. 1973. Negative non-random mating in the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus in Tanzania. Nature (London) 242:131-132
Smith, D. a. S. 1975. All-female broods in Danaus chrysippus L. and their ecological significance. Heredity (Oxford) 34:363-371
Smith, D. A. S. 1975. Sexual selection in a wild population of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. Science (Washington) 187:664-665 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, sexual selection, east Africa]
Smith, D. A. S. 1980. Heterosis, epistasis and linkage disequilibrium in a wild population of the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 69:87-109
Smith, D. A. S. 1981. Heterozygous advantage expressed through sexual selection in a polymorphic African butterfly. Nature (London) 289:17-175
Smithers, C. N. 1972. Observations on a breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Camden, New South Wales. Australian Zoologist 17:142-148
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Life History
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Symbioses (Diseases, Parasites, Predators, Mimicry Complexes)
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Brower, L. P., Calvert, W. H. 1985. Foraging dynamics of bird predators on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Evolution 39:852-868 [Keywords: overwintering, predation, Mexico]
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Brower, L. P., Nelson, C. J., Seiber, J. N., Fink, L. S., Bond, C. 1988. Exaptation as an alternative to coevolution in the cardenolide-based chemical defense of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) against avian predators. In Chemical mediation of coevolution , ed. K. C. Spencer. pp. 447-475. New York: Academic Press [Keywords: chemical defense, cardiac glycoside, birds, predation, physiology]
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Cohen, J. A. 1985. Differences and similarities in cardenolide content of queen and monarch butterflies in Florida and their ecological and evolutionary implications. Journal of Chemical Ecology 11:85-103 [Keywords: chemical defense, mimicry, cardenolide fingerprint, cardiac glycosides]
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Edmunds, M. 1976. Larval mortality and population regulation in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus in Ghana. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 58:129-145
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Fink, L. S. 1980. Bird predation on overwintering monarch butterflies. Honors thesis. Amherst, MA. Amherst College
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Fink, L. S., Brower, L. P. 1981. Birds can overcome the cardenolide defence of Monarch butterflies in Mexico. Nature (London) 291:67-70 [Keywords: defense, cardenolides, bird predation, Mexico]
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Glendinning, J. I. 1990. Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. II. Taste tests using intact monarchs. Chemoecology (Stuttgart) 1:124-
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Grimshaw, P. 1983. Test releases of Heliconius melpomene, carried out to discover if it is feasible to house this species in conjunction with a large collection of tropical birds. Newsletter Exotic Entomol. Group and Amateur Entomol. Soc. 1983:9-12
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Leeuw, I. 1978. Two observations of predation on Lepidoptera. Great Lakes Entomologist (East Lansing) 11:262
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Rearing in the Lab
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Munger, F. 1973. An improved method for rearing the monarch butterfly. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 12:163-168 [Keywords: rearing techniques]
Munger, F., Harriss, T. T. 1970. Laboratory production of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 8:169-176 [Keywords: rearing techniques]
Singh, P., Clare, G. K. 1988. A note on rearing of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) on an artificial diet. New Zealand Entomologist 11:73-75 [Keywords: rearing techniques, artificial diet]
Urquhart, F. A., Stegner, R. W. 1966. Laboratory techniques for maintaining cultures of the Monarch butterfly. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 5:129-136 [Keywords: rearing techniques]
Conservation
Anderson, J. B., Brower, L. P. 1996. Freeze-protection of overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico: critical role of the forest as a blanket and an umbrella. Ecological entomology 21:107-116 [Keywords: ecology, behavior, physiology, overwintering, clustering, deforestation, conservation]
Brower, L. P. 1986. Commentary: The potential impact of DIPEL spraying on the monarch butterfly overwintering pheneoma. Atala (Portland) 14:17-19
Brower, L. P., Malcolm, S. B. 1991. Animal migrations: Endangered phenomena. American Zoologist 31:265-276 [Keywords: behavior, migration, overwintering, conservation]
Calvert, W. H., ed. 1981. Project 1958, Conservation of the Mexican Monarch butterfly. . Vol. 1980-1981. London [Keywords: conservation, migration, overwintering, tourism, lumbering, temperature]
Calvert, W. H., Brower, L. P. 1982. The importance of forest cover for the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus, Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 35:216-225
Calvert, W. H., Brower, L. P. 1986. The location of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) overwintering colonies in Mexico in relation to topography and climate. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 40:164-187 [Keywords: conservation biology, overwintering, temperature, Mexico, ecology, microclimate]
Calvert, W. H., Hyatt, M., Mendoza, N. P. 1986. The effects of understory vegetation on the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie 18:1-17 [Keywords: conservation biology, overwintering, microhabitat, temperature]
Calvert, W. H., Malcolm, S. B., Glendinning, J. I., Brower, L. P., Zalucki, M. P., et al. 1989. Conservation biology of monarch butterfly overwintering sites in Mexico. Vida Silvestre Neotropical (Washington) 2:38-48 [Keywords: conservation, overwintering, oyamel fir, protected reserve, management plan, core areas, buffer areas, Mexico]
Calvert, W. H., Mendoza V, N. P., Lawton, R. O. 1986. Relationship between mortality and habitat structure at several Mexican monarch butterfly overwintering colonies. Field report to Monarca, A. C., and the World Wildlife Fund.
Calvert, W. H., Zuchowski, W., Brower, L. P. 1982. The impact of forest thinning on microclimate in monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) overwintering areas of Mexico. Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico 42:11-18
Calvert, W. H., Zuchowski, W., Brower, L. P. 1983. The effect of rain, snow and freezing temperatures on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Biotropica (Lawrence) 15:42-47
Calvert, W. H., Zuchowski, W., Brower, L. P. 1984. Monarch butterfly conservation: Interactions of cold weather, forest thinning and storms on the survival of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in Mexico. Atala (Portland) 9:2-6
Fink, A. 1982. Monterey County: The dramatic story of its past Santa Cruz, CA: Western Tanager Press. 254 pp.
Lane, J. 1984. The status of monarch butterfly overwintering sites in Alta California. Atala (Portland) 9:17-20
Malcolm, S. B. 1987. Monarch butterfly migration in North America: Controversy and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:135-138 [Keywords: migration, conservation, Wenner, western population]
Malcolm, S. B. 1993. Conservation of monarch butterfly migration in North America: an endangered phenomenon. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 357-362. Science series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
Malcolm, S. B., Zalucki, M. P., eds. 1993. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly . Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Matthews, D. 1992. Mountain monarchs: In the Mexican highlands, monarch butterflies by the millions awaken to the warming spring sun. Wildlife Conservation 95:26-29,78 [Keywords: general review, migration, lay, conservation]
Nagano, C. D., Sakai, W. 1988. Making the world safe for monarchs. Outdoor of California 49:5-9
Ogarrio, R. 1984. Development of the civic group, Pro Monaraca, A. C., for the protection of the monarch butterfly wintering grounds in the Republic of Mexico. Atala (Portland) 9:11-13
Pyle, R. M. 1984. International efforts for monarch conseration, and conclusion. Atala (Portland) 9:21-22
Remmert, H. 1982. And now? Ecosystem research! In Trends in ecological research in the 1980's, eds. J. H. Cooley and F. B. Golley, 179-191. New York and London: Plenum Press.
Schorger, A. W. 1973. The passenger pigeon: Its natural history and extiniction Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 424 pp.
Snook, L. C. 1993. Conservation of the monarch butterfly reserves in Mexico: focus on the forest. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 363-376. Science series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: conservation, behavior, overwintering, logging]
Tarrier, M. 1993. Protection of lepidopterans: SOS monarchs: last act: the farewell (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Danainae). Alexanor 18:189-192 [Keywords: conservation]
Urquhart, F. A. 1980. Conservation areas for the eastern population of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 110:109 [Keywords: conservation, overwintering sites, Mexico]
Weiss, S. B. 1991. Forest canopy structure at overwintering monarch butterfly sites: measurements with hemispherical photography. Conservation Biology 5:165-175 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, California, conservation, light conditions]
Zalucki, M. P., Chandica, A., Kitching, R. L. 1981. Quantifying the distribution and abundance of an animals resource using aerial photography. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 50:176-183
MONARCH ANATOMY
Morphology of Life Stages
- Behera, M. K., Behura, B. K. 1973. Studies on the scales of five species of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Insecta). Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress (Calcutta) 60:538-539
- [Keywords: anatomy, scales]
Birch, M. C. 1979. Eversible structures. In Moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 9, Sphingidae-Noctuidae, eds. J. Heath and A. M. Emmet, 9-18. London: Curwen Books.
Boppre, M., Fecher, K. 1977. Structural complexity of scent organs of male Danaid butterflies. Scanning Electron Microscopy (Chicago) 2:630, 639-644
Boppre, M., Petty, R. L., Schneider, D., Meinwald, J. 1978. Behaviourally mediated contacts between scent organs: another prerequisite for pheromone production in Danaus chrysippus males (Lepidoptera). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 126:97-103 [Keywords: behavior, chemical communication, pheromones, hairpencils, PA]
Boppre, M., Vane-Wright, R. I. 1989. Androconial systems in Danainae (Lepidoptera): Functional morphology of Amauris, Danaus, Tirumala and Euploea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 97:101-133
Burgess, E. 1980. Contributions to the anatomy of the Milkweed butterfly (Danais archippus Fabr.). Anniv. Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat'l. Hist., Boston 3-14, 2 pls.
Byers, J. R., Hinks, C. F. 1973. The surface sculpturing of the integument of lepidopterous larvae and its adaptive significance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 51:1171-1179, 3 pls.
Dethier, V. G. 1975. The Monarch revisited. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 48:129-140
Eanes, W. F. 1978. Morphological variance and enzyme heterozygosity in the monarch butterfly. Nature (London) 276:263-264 [Keywords: genetics, heterozygosity, morphology]
Ehrlich, P. R. 1958. The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classificatin of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Lawrence, Kans. 39:305-370
Ehrlich, P. R. 1958. The integumental anatomy of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaiidae). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Lawrence, Kans. 38:1315-1349
Ehrlich, P. R., Davidson, S. E. 1961. The internal anatomy of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Microent., Palo Alto 24:85-133 [Keywords: anatomy, internal]
Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. 1962. The head musculature of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Microent., Palo Alto 25:1-89
Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. 1963. The thoraic and basal abdominal musculature of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Microent., Palo Alto 25:91-126
Eltringham, H. 1915. Further observations on the structure of the scent organs of certain male danaine butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1915:152-1786, pls. 11-20
Frings, H., Frings, M. 1949. The loci of contact chemoreceptors in insects: a review with new evidence. American Midland Naturalist 41:602-658
Hausman, S. A. 1951. The scent producing organ of the Monarch butterfly. American Naturalist 85:389-391 [Keywords: anatomy, chemical communication]
Hepburn, H. R. 1971. Proboscis extension and recoil in lepidoptera. Journal of Insect Physiology 17:637-656
Herman, W. S. 1975. Endocrine regulation of posteclosion enlargement of the male and female reproductive glands in monarch butterflies. General and Comparative Endocrinology 26:534-540
Herman, W. S., Barker, J. F. 1976. Ecdysterone antagonism, mimicry and synergism of juvenile hormone action on the monarch butterfly reproductive tract. Journal of Insect Physiology 22:643-648 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, ecdysterone, juvenile hormone]
Hirumi, H., Maramorosch, K. 1964. Tissue culture of the Monarch butterfly, Anosia plexippus. Contrib., Boyce Thompson Inst., Menasha, Wis. 22:259-268
Johnson, G. C. D. 1979. The accessory reproductive glands of the male monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus: Their development, fine structure, and biochemistry. Ph.D. thesis, St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.
Jordan, K. 1898. Contributions to the morphology of lepidoptera. 1. The antennae of butterflies. Novitates Zoologicae (London) 5:374-415, 2 pls.
Kellogg, V. L. 1893. The sclerites of the head of Danais archippus. Kans. Univ. Quarterly, Lawrence, Kans. 2:51-57
Kirk, W. D. J. 1983. The tracheation of the wings of adult Lepidoptera. J. Zool. Lond. 199:385-393
Lamborn, W. A. 1919. The relation of the anal tufts to the brands of the hind-wings observed and the scent perceived in a male danaine butterfly. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1918:clxxii-clxxiv
Leong, K. L. H., Frey, D., Hamaoka, D. 1993. Wing damage in overwintering populations of monarch butterfly at two California sites. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86:728-733 [Keywords: anatomy, overwintering, California, mating, reproduction]
Mathavan, S., Muthukrishman, J. 1980. Use of larval weight and length as indices of gut content weight in some lepidopterous larvae. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 44:317-318
Mehta, D. R. 1933. Comparative morphology of the male genitalia in lepidoptera. Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) 35:197-266
Myers, J. 1969. Distribution of foodplant chemoreceptors on the female Florida queen butterfly. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 23:196-198
Myers, J. H. 1968. The structure of the antennae of the Florida Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer). Journal of Morphology 125:315-328
Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1968. Morphological cell death in the post-embryonic development of the insect optic lobes. Nature (London) 218:780-781
Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1968. Morphology of the larval and adult brains of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus L. Journal of Morphology 126:67-94
Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1969. Postembryonic brain development in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus L. I. Cellular events during brain morphogenesis. Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (Berlin) 162:197-217
Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1969. Postembryonic brain development in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus L. II. The optic lobes. Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (Berlin) 163:197-220
Nordlander, R. H., Edwards, J. S. 1970. Postembryonic brain development in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus plexippus L. III. Morphogenesis of centres other than the optic lobes. Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (Berlin) 164:247-260
Pliske, T. E., Salpeter, M. M. 1971. The structure and development of the hairpencil glands in males of the Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice. Journal of Morphology 134:215-242
Rogers, S. H., Wells, H. 1984. The structure and function of the bursa copulatrix of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). Journal of Morphology 180:213-221
Shepard, H. H. 1930. The pleural and sternal sclerites of the lepidopterous thorax. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 23:237-260
Taylor, R. L. 1964. The metallic gold spots on the pupa of the Monarch butterfly. Entomol. News, Philadelphia 75:253-256
Thakare, V. K., Raina, S. K., Pable, U. R. 1975. Histomorphology of the female reproductive system of the butterfly Danais legisipus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology 22:1-8
Urquhart, F. A. 1970. Mechanism of cremaster withdrawal and attachment in pendant rhopalocerous pupae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist 102:1579-1582
Urquhart, F. A. 1972. The effect of cauterizing the MNPPM of the pupa of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus) (Danaidae). J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 26:137-140
Urquhart, F. A. 1972. The effect of micro-cauterizing the ALPPM ("gold spot" of authors) of the pupa of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexipus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Canadian Entomologist 104:991-993, 1 pl.
Urquhart, F. A. 1972. Epidermal cells of the PPM ("gold spots") of the pupa of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus p. plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Canadian Entomologist 104:1565-1571
Urquhart, F. A. 1972. Functions of the prismatic pigmented maculae (PPM) of the pupa of Danaus p. plexippus (Lepidoptera, Danaidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici 9:193-198
Urquhart, F. A. 1973. Reduction of abdominal scales of the Monarch butterfly imago as a result of cauterising the Abd PPM of the pupa. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 11:241-244
Urquhart, F. A. 1976. Alar pocket of the male Monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus) (Danaidae: Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist 108:777-782 [Keywords: anatomy, alar pocket, scales]
Urquhart, F. A., Dampney, P. 1969. Microcauterization to maxillectomize lepidopterous larvae by fulguration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 47:1416-1417
Urquhart, F. A., Tang, A. P. S. 1971. The effect of cauterizing the PPM ("Gold Spots" of authors) of the pupa of the Monarch butterfly (D. plexippus). Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 9:157-167
Wasserthal, L. T. 1984. Hemolymph flows in the wings of butterflies visualized by vital straining. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 83:45-49
Waterhouse, D. F. 1953. The occurrence and significance of the peritrophic membrane, with special reference to adult Lepidoptera and Diptera. Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 1:299-318, 2 pls.
Wensler, R. J. 1977. The ultrastructure of the indirect flight muscles of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) with implications for fuel utilization. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 58:157-167
MONARCH GENETICS
Berthold, P., Wiltschko, W., Miltenberger, H., Querner, U. 1990. Genetic transmission of migratory behavior into a nonmigratory bird population. Experientia (Basel) 46:107-108 [Keywords: migration behavior, heritability, birds, vertebrates, behavioral genetics]
Brower, A. V. Z., Boyce, T. M. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA variation in monarch butterflies. Evolution 45:1281-1286 [Keywords: genetics, genetic differentiation, intraspecific phylogeny, population structure]
Carter, P. A., Hughes, J. M., Zalucki, M. P. 1989. Genetic variation in a continuously breeding population of Danaus plexippus L.: An examination of heterozygosity at four loci in relation to activity times. Heredity (Oxford) 63:191-194 [Keywords: genetics, activity levels]
Eanes, W. F. 1976. Genetic structure and genetic organization in the Monarch butterfly. 147 pp. [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, State University of New York].
Eanes, W. F. 1978. Morphological variance and enzyme heterozygosity in the monarch butterfly. Nature (London) 276:263-264 [Keywords: genetics, heterozygosity, morphology]
Eanes, W. F. 1979. The monarch butterfly as a paradigm of genetic structure in a highly dispersive species. In Movement of highly mobile insects: Concepts and methodology in research, eds. R. L. Rabb and G. G. Kennedy, 88-102. Raleigh: North Carolina State Unversity.
Eanes, W. F., Koehn, R. K. 1978. An analysis of genetic structure in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. Evolution 32:784-797 [Keywords: genetic structure, population structure, mating patterns]
Ford, E. B. 1953. The genetics of polymorphism in the Lepidoptera. Advances In Genetics 5:43-87
Ford, E. B. 1975. Ecological genetics (4th edition) xx + 442 pp., 18 pls. Lond.
Hughes, J. M., Zalucki, M. P. 1984. Genetic variation in a continuously breeding population of Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Heredity (Oxford) 52:1-7 [Keywords: genetics, genetic differentiation, Australia]
Hughes, J. M., Zalucki, M. P. 1993. The relationship between the Pgi Locus and the ability to fly at low temperatures in the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus. Biochemical Genetics (New York) 31:521-532 [Keywords: physiology, flight, temperature, genetics, sex differences]
Kitching, I. J. 1985. Allozyme variation in the milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 86:367-389 [Keywords: genetics, genetic variation, allozymes, electrophoresis, population structure]
Maeki, K., Remington, C. L. 1961. Studies of the chromosomes of North American Rhopalocera 3. Lycaenidae, Danainae, Satyrinae, Morphinae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 14:127-147
Murty, A. S., Rao, N. N. 1977. Smear technique for studying lepidopteran chromosomes. Stain Technology 52:177-178
Oberhauser, K. S., Cansler, D., Feitl, A. 1996. Genetics of a "zebra" pigment mutation in the larvae of Danaus plexippus L. (Nymphalidae: Danainae). Lepidopterists' Society Journal 50:237-
Robinson, R. 1971. Lepidoptera genetics Oxford:. ix + 687 pp.
Sheppard, P. M. 1959. The evolution of mimicry; a problem in ecology and genetics. Cold Sping Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 24:131-140
Sheppard, P. M. 1975. Natural selection and heredity [4th edition]. London:. 239 pp.
Singer, M. C. 1982. Sexual selection for small size in male butterflies. American Naturalist 119:440-443
Smith, D. A. S. 1975. Genetics of some polymorphic forms of the African butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 6:134-144
Smith, D. A. S. 1976. Evidence for autosomal meiotic drive in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. Heredity (Oxford) 36:139-142
Smith, D. A. S. 1980. Heterosis, epistasis and linkage disequilibrium in a wild population of the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London) 69:87-109
Smith, D. A. S. 1981. Heterozygous advantage expressed through sexual selection in a polymorphic African butterfly. Nature (London) 289:17-175
Stimson, J., Meyers, L. 1984 [1985]. Inheritance and frequency of a color polymorphism in Danaus plexippus (lepidoptera: Danaidae) on Ohahu [sic], Hawaii. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 23:153-160
Thornhill, R., Alcock, J. 1983. Sexual selection and the evolution of insect mating systems. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 547 pp.
Watt, W. B., Cartar, P. A., Donohue, K. 1986. Females' choice of "good genotypes" as mates is promoted by an insect mating system. Science (Washington) 233:1187-1190 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, mating, female choice, good genes, PGI]
Zalucki, M. P., Hughes, J. M., Arthur, J. M. 1993. Seasonal variation at four loci in a continuously breeding population of Danaus plexippus L. Heredity (Oxford) 70:205-213 [Keywords: genetics, seasonal genetic variation]
Zalucki, M. P., Hughes, J. M., Carter, P. A. 1987. Genetic variation in Danaus plexippus L.: Habitat selection of differences in activity times? Heredity (Oxford) 59:213-221 [Keywords: genetics, habitat selection, activity times, Australia]
MONARCH BEHAVIOR
Reproduction
Atkins, A. F. 1974. Observations on the response of Queensland Daniad butterflies to selective attractants. In Australian Entomological Magazine . pp. 78-80. Vol. 1 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication, pheromones, hairpencils, feeding]
Barker, J. F. 1976. On the neurendocrinology of reproduction and migration in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. . St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.
Barker, J. F., Herman, W. S. 1976. Effect of photoperiod and temperature on reproduction of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Journal of Insect Physiology 22:1565-1568 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, reproduction, juvenile hormone, ovarian development]
Boggs, C. L. 1981. Selection pressures affecting male nutrient investment at mating in heliconiine butterflies. Evolution 35:931-940
Boggs, C. L., Gilbert, L. E. 1979. Male contribution to egg production in butterflies: evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating. Science (Washington) 206:83-84 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, paternal investment]
Boppre, M. 1984. Chemically mediated interactions between butterflies. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 11:259-275
Boppre, M. 1993. The American monarch: courtship and chemical communication of a peculiar Danaine butterfly. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 29-41. Science Series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication]
Brower, L. P. 1961. Studies on the migration of the monarch butterfly. 1. Breeding populations of Danaus plexippus and D. gilippus berenice in south central Florida. Ecol., Brooklyn, N.Y. 42:76-83
Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z., Cranston, F. P. 1965. Courtship behaviour of the Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer). Zool. (New York) 50:1-39
Brower, L. P., Jones, M. A. 1965. Precourtship interaction of wing and abdominal glands in male Danaus butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 40:147-151, 2 pls.
Burns, J. M. 1968. Mating frequency in natural population of skippers and spermatophore butterflies as determined by spermatophore counts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 61:852-859
Cohen, J. A., Brower, L. P. 1982. Oviposition and larval success of wild monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in relation to host plant size and cardenolide concentration. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 55:343-348 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, physiology, survivorship, cardenolides, cardiac glycosides]
Condron, B. 1974. Observations on the pairing of Danaus plexippus, the Wanderer or Monarch butterfly. Victorian Entomologist 4:37
Conner, W. E., Eisner, T., Vander Meer, R. K., Guerrero, A., Meinwald, J. 1981. Precopulatory sexual interaction in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): Role of a pheromone derived from dietary alkaloids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Berlin) 9:227-235 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication, PA, pheromones]
Dennis, R. L. H. 1985. Egg-keel number in the small tortoiseshell butterfly. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 97:162-164
Drummond, B. A. 1984. Multiple mating and sperm competition in the Lepidoptera. In Sperm competetion and the evolution of animal mating system , ed. R. L. Smith. pp. 291-370. Orlando, FL: Academic Press
Dussourd, D. E., Ubik, K., Harvis, C., Resch, J., Meinwald, J., Eisner, T. 1988. Biparental defensive endowment of eggs with acquired plant alkaloid in the moth Utetheisa ornatrix. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85:5992-5996 [Keywords: chemical defense, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs, cardiac glycosides, predation, mating behavior, pheromone]
Dussourd, D. E., Ubik, K., Resch, J. F., Meinwald, J., Eisner, T. 1984. Egg protection by parental investment of plant alkaloids in Lepidoptera. XVII Internt'l. Congr. Ent., Hamburg :840
Eanes, W. F., Koehn, R. K. 1978. An analysis of genetic structure in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. Evolution 32:784-797 [Keywords: genetic structure, population structure, mating patterns]
Ehrlich, A. H., Ehrlich, P. R. 1978. Reproductive strategies in the butterflies: I. Mating frequency, plugging, and egg number. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 51:666-697
Eisner, T., Meinwald, J. 1987. Alkaloid-derived pheromones and sexual selection in Lepidoptera. In Pheromone biochemistry , ed. G. D. Prestwich, G. J. Blomquist. pp. 251-269. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press
Etchegaray, J. B., Nishida, T. 1975. Reproductive activity, seasonal abundance and parasitism of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 22:33-39 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, abundance, parasitism]
Ferguson, D. C., Hilburn, D. J., Wright, B. 1991. The lepidoptera of Bermuda: their food plants, biogeography, and means of dispersal. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 158:3-8, 67-84 [Keywords: feeding, distribution, biogeography, dispersal]
Freiling, H. H. 1909. Duftorgane der weiblichen Schmetterlinge nebst Beitragen zur Kenntnis der Sinnesorgane auf dem Schmetterlingsflugel und der Duftpinsel der Mannchen von Danais und Euploea. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zool. (Leipzig) 92:210-290, 6 pls.
Frey, D. F., Leong, K. L. H. 1995. Reply to Nylin, Wickman & Wiklund regarding sex ratios of California overwintering monarch butterflies. Animal Behaviour 49:515-518 [Keywords: ecology, overwintering, sex ratio, reproduction]
Gossard, T., Jones, R. 1977. The effects of age and weather on egg-laying in Pieris rapae L. Journal of Animal Ecology 14:65-71
Gwynne, D. T. 1984. Male mating effort, confidence of paternity, and insect sperm competition. In Sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating systems, ed. R. L. Smith, 117-149, Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Haribal, M., Renwick, J. A. A. 1996. Oviposition stimulants for the monarch butterfly: Flavonol glycosides from Asclepias curassavica. Phytochemistry 41:139-144 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, oviposition, flavonoid glycosides]
Herman, W. S., Barker, J. F. 1977. Effect of mating on monarch butterfly oogenesis. Experientia (Basel) 33:688-689 [Keywords: behavior, physiology, mating, juvenile hormone]
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Lane, J. 1985. California's monarch butterfly trees. Pacific Discovery 38:13-15
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Yearly Diapause Cycle
Alonso-Mejia, A., Arellano-Guillermo, A., Brower, L. P. 1992. Influence of temperature, surface body moisture and height above ground on survival of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico. Biotropica (Lawrence) 24:415-419 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, thermoregulation]
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Hayes, J. L. 1982. A study of the relationships of diapause phenomena and other life history characters in temperate butterflies. American Naturalist 120:160-170
Herman, W. S. 1973. The endocrine basis of reproductive inactivity in monarch butterflies overwintering in central California. Journal of Insect Physiology 19:1883-1887
Herman, W. S. 1981. Studies on the adult reproductive diapause of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 160:89-106
Herman, W. S., Brower, L. P., Calvert, W. H. 1989. Reproductive tract development in monarch butterflies overwintering in California and Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43:50-58 [Keywords: physiology, reproduction, overwintering, diapause, California, Mexico]
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James, D. G. 1982. A transient non-breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) near Picton, New South Wales. Australian entomological magazine 8:96-99
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James, D. G. 1984. Population and general biology of non-reproductive colonies of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 32:663-670 [Keywords: behavior, overwintering, mark-recapture]
James, D. G. 1986. Effect of temperature upon energy reserves of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Australian Journal of Zoology (Melbourne) 34:373-379 [Keywords: physiology, overwintering, Australia]
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Thermoregulation
Bartholomew, G. A. 1981. A matter of size: An examination of endothermy in insects and terrestrial vertebrates. In Insect themoregulation, ed. B. Heinrich, 45-78, New York: Wiley.
Bartholomew, G. A., Epting, R. J. 1975. Allometry of postflight cooling rates in moths: A comparison with vertebrate homeotherms. Journal of Experimental Biology 63:603-613
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Capinera, J. L., Wiener, L. F., Anamosa, P. R. 1980. Behavioral themoregulation by late instar range caterpillar larvae Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 53:631-638
Casey, T. M. 1976. Activity patterns, body temperature, and thermal ecology in two desert caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Ecology 52:485-497
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Church, H. K. 1960. Heat loss and the body temperature of flying insects. II. Heat conduction within the body and its loss by radiation and convection. Journal of Experimental Biology 37:187-212
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Douglas, M. M., Grula, J. 1978. Thermoregulatory adaptations allowing ecological range expansion by the pierid butterfly, Nathalis iole. Evolution 32:776-783
Duman, J. G., Horwath, K. 1983. The role of hemolymph proteins in the cold tolerance of insects. Annual Review of Physiology 45
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Heath, J. E., Adams, P. A. 1965. Temperature regulation in the sphinx moth during flight. Nature (London) 205:309-310
Heinrich, B. 1971. Temperature regulation of the sphinx moth, Manduca sexta I. Flight energetics and body temperature regulation during free and tethered flight. Journal of Experimental Biology 54:141-152
Heinrich, B. 1972. Thoracic temperatures of butterflies in the field near the equator. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 43:459-467
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Heinrich, B. 1981. Insect thermoregulation. New York: Wiley
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Kammer, A. E. 1971. Influence of acclimation temperature on the shivering behaviour of the butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.). Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie (Berlin) 72:364-369
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Kammer, A. E., Bracci, J. 1973. Role of the wings in the absorption of radiant energy by a butterfly. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 45A:1057-1064
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Kingsolver, J. G., Watt, W. B. 1983. Thermoregulatory strategies in Colias butterflies: Thermal stress and the limits to adaptation in temproally varying environments. American Naturalist 121:32-55
Knight, J. D., Bale, J. S., Franks, F., Mathias, S. F., Baust, J. G. 1986. Insect cold hardiness: Supercooling points and pre-freeze mortality. Cryo Letters (Cambridge) 7:194-203
Larsen, K. J., Lee, R. E., Jr. 1994. Cold tolerance including rapid cold-hardening and inoculative freezing of fall migrant monarch butterflies in Ohio. Journal of Insect Physiology 40:859-864 [Keywords: ecology, physiology, temperature, freezing, acclimation]
Lessman, C. A. 1979. Enhancement of juvenile hormone degradation by flight and heat in adult Monarchs. American Zoologist 19:915
Masters, A. R. 1985. The influence of temperature on the overwintering biology of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). M.S. thesis, Gainesville: Univ. of FL.
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May, M. L. 1979. Insect thermoregulation. Annual Review of Entomology 24:313-349
May, M. L. 1984. Thermoregulation. In Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. Vol. 4, eds. G. A. Kerbut and L. I. Gilbert, 507-552. New York: Pergamon.
Porter, K. 1982. Basking behaviour in larvae of the butterfly Euphydryas aurinia. Oikos (Copenhagen) 38:308-312
Rawlins, J. E. 1980. Thermoregulation by the black swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Ecology 61:345-357
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Seymour, R. S. 1974. Convective and evaporative cooling in sawfly larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:2447-2457
Shelly, T. E., Ludwig, D. 1985. Thermoregulatory behavior of the butterfly Calisto nubila (Satyridae) in a Puerto Rican forest. Oikos (Copenhagen) 44:229-233
Smith, D. A. S. 1975. The significance of aggregations in Danaid butterflies. Bulletin, East African Natural History Society, Nairobi 1975:72-73
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Troyer, H. L., Burks, C. S., Lee, R. E. 1996. Phenology of cold-hardiness in reproductive and migrant monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in southwest Ohio. Journal of Insect Physiology 42:633-642
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Senses
Bernays, E. A., Blaney, W. M., Chapman, R. F., Cook, A. G. 1976. The ability of Locusta migratoria L. to perceive plant surface waxes. Symposia Biologica Hungarica 16:35-40 [Keywords: physiology, foraging, contact chemoreception]
Bernays, E. A., Chapman, R. F. 1977. Deterrent chemicals as a basis of oligophagy in Locusta migratoria (L.). Ecological Entomology 2:1-18
Bogner, F., Boppre, M. 1985. A special olfactory receptor for alkaloid perception in adult Lepidoptera. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft (Stuttgart) 78:281
Boppre, M. 1978. Chemical communication, plant relationships and mimicry in the evolution of Danaid butteflies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24:64-77
Boppre, M. 1984. Chemically mediated interactions between butterflies. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London 11:259-275
Boppre, M. 1993. The American monarch: courtship and chemical communication of a peculiar Danaine butterfly. In Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly , ed. S. B. Malcolm, M. P. Zalucki. pp. 29-41. Science Series. Vol. 38. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication]
Boppre, M., Fecher, K. 1977. Structural complexity of scent organs of male Danaid butterflies. Scanning Electron Microscopy (Chicago) 2:630, 639-644
Boppre, M., Petty, R. L., Schneider, D., Meinwald, J. 1978. Behaviourally mediated contacts between scent organs: another prerequisite for pheromone production in Danaus chrysippus males (Lepidoptera). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 126:97-103 [Keywords: behavior, chemical communication, pheromones, hairpencils, PA]
Conner, W. E., Eisner, T., Vander Meer, R. K., Guerrero, A., Meinwald, J. 1981. Precopulatory sexual interaction in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): Role of a pheromone derived from dietary alkaloids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (Berlin) 9:227-235 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication, PA, pheromones]
Dethier, V. G. 1973. Electrophysiological studies of gustation in lepidopterous larvae. II. Taste spectra in relation to foodplant discrimination. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 82:103-134
Dethier, V. G. 1975. The Monarch revisited. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 48:129-140
Dethier, V. G., Kuch, J. H. 1971. Electrophysiological studies of gustation in lepidopterous larvae. I. Comparative sensitivity to sugars, amino acids and glycosides. Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie (Berlin) 72:343-363 [Keywords: physiology, sugars, alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, glycosides, sterols]
Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J., Robinson, G. S. 1973. Hairpencil dihydropyrrolizines of Danainae from the New Hebrides. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 12:144-150
Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J., Smith, L. W. 1971. Dihydropyrrolizine derivatives in the hair pencil secretions of Danaid butterflies. Experientia (Basel) 27:761-762 [Keywords: chemical communication, hairpencil, biochemistry, PA]
Eguchi, E., Watanabe, K., Hariyama, I., Yamamoto, K. 1982. A comparison of electrophysiologically determined spectral responses in 35 species of Lepidoptera. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:675-682
Eltringham, H. 1915. Further observations on the structure of the scent organs of certain male danaine butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1915:152-1786, pls. 11-20
Fox, R. M. 1967. Forelegs of butterflies 1. Introduction: Chemoreception. Journal of Research On the Lepidoptera 5:1-12
Freiling, H. H. 1909. Duftorgane der weiblichen Schmetterlinge nebst Beitragen zur Kenntnis der Sinnesorgane auf dem Schmetterlingsflugel und der Duftpinsel der Mannchen von Danais und Euploea. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zool. (Leipzig) 92:210-290, 6 pls.
Frings, H., Frings, M. 1949. The loci of contact chemoreceptors in insects: a review with new evidence. American Midland Naturalist 41:602-658
Hanson, F. E. 1983. The behavioral and neurophysiological basis of food plant selection by lepidopterous larvae. In Herbivorous insects, ed. S. Ahmad, 3-23. New York: Academic Press.
Harborne, J. B. 1982. Introduction to ecological biochemistry, 2nd. ed. London: Academic Press. xvi + 278 pp.
Harborne, J. B. e. 1972. Phytochemical ecology. N. Y. & Lond.: Acad. Press
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James, D. G., Hales, D. F. 1983. Sensitivity to juvenile hormone is not reduced in clustering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, in Australia. Physiological Entomology (Oxford) 8:273-276
Lamborn, W. A. 1919. The relation of the anal tufts to the brands of the hind-wings observed and the scent perceived in a male danaine butterfly. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1918:clxxii-clxxiv
Myers, J. 1969. Distribution of foodplant chemoreceptors on the female Florida queen butterfly. J. Lepid. Soc., Cambridge, Mass. 23:196-198
Myers, J., Brower, L. P. 1969. A behavioural analysis of the courtship pheromone receptors of the queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice. Journal of Insect Physiology 15:2117-2130
Myers, J. H. 1968. The structure of the antennae of the Florida Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer). Journal of Morphology 125:315-328
Myers, J. H., Walter, M. 1970. Olfaction in the Florida Queen butterfly: honey odor receptors. Journal of Insect Physiology 16:573-578
Pliske, T. E. 1975. Courtship behaviour and use of chemical communication by males of certain Ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae-Lepidoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 68:935-942
Schneider, D. 1971. Specialised odor receptors of insects. In Ohloff, G. & Thomas, A. F., Gustation and olfaction: 45-60. London & New York.
Schneider, D. 1975. Chemical communication in danaid butterflies. In Denton, D. A. & Coghlan, J. D., Olfaction and taste 5: 327-328. New York & London.
Schneider, D. 1975. Pheromone communication in moths and butterflies. In Sensory physiology and behavior , ed. R. Galun, P. Hillman, I. Parnas, R. Werman. pp. 173-193. New York: Plenum Press
Schneider, D. 1987. Plant recognition by insects: A challenge for neuroethological research. In Insect plants , ed. V. G. Labeyrie, G. Fabres, D. Lachaise. Vol. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. Amsterdam: W. Junk
Schoonhoven, L. M. 1973. Plant recognition by lepidopterous larvae. In Insect/plant relationships, ed. H. F. v. Emden. pp. 87-99. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Swihart, S. L. 1974. Acceptance angles of butterfly ommatidia. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:1027-1036 [Keywords: physiology, vision]
Swihart, S. L., Gordon, W. C., Machwart, R. J. 1974. Reflections on the eyes of butterflies. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:359-381
Swihart, S. L., Schumperli, R. 1974. Visual fields of butterfly interneurons. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:1529-1536
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Hormonal and Molting Cycles
Atkins, A. F. 1974. Observations on the response of Queensland Daniad butterflies to selective attractants. In Australian Entomological Magazine . pp. 78-80. Vol. 1 [Keywords: behavior, reproduction, chemical communication, pheromones, hairpencils, feeding]
Barker, J. F. 1976. On the neurendocrinology of reproduction and migration in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. . St. Paul: Univ. of Minn.
Barker, J. F., Herman, W. S. 1973. On the neuroendocrine control of ovarian development in the Monarch butterfly. Journal of Experimental Zoology 183:1-10 [Keywords: physiology, neuroendocrine system, ovarian development]
Bellas, T. E., Brownlee, R. G., Silverstein, R. M. 1974. Isolation, tentative identification, and synthesis studies of the volatile components of the hairpencil secretion of the monarch butterfly. Tetrahedron Letters 30:2267-2271 [Keywords: biochemistry, chemical communication, hairpencil secretions]
Boppre, M. 1976. Pheromon-Transfer-Partikel auf einem Duftpinselhaar eines Monarchfalters (Danaus formosa). Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau (Stuttgart) 29:[caption to frontispiece].
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Flight
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MONARCH BIOCHEMISTRY
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